Electrochromic medium capable of producing a pre-selected color

ABSTRACT

An improved electrochromic device, the device incorporating an electrochromic medium that comprises at least three electroactive materials having absorption spectra that add together such that the color of the electrochromic medium can be pre-selected by individually choosing the concentrations of the at least three electroactive materials. The electrochromic medium generally maintains the pre-selected perceived color throughout its normal range of voltages when used in an electrochromic device. The at least three electroactive materials include at least one electrochemically reducible material (cathodic material), at least one electrochemically oxidizable material (anodic material) and at least one additional electroactive material which may be either an anodic or cathodic material. Thus, there are always three electroactive materials present in the medium, with at least two either being anodic or cathodic materials. The pre-selected color may be chosen from a wide variety of colors and may be, for example, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple. For electrochromic mirrors for motor vehicles, a presently preferred color is gray.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an improved electrochromic medium capable ofproducing a pre-selected color and, more particularly, an improvedelectrochromic device having an electrochromic medium comprising atleast three electroactive materials whose concentrations may be chosento produce a pre-selected perceived color, where the electrochromicmedium generally maintains the pre-selected perceived color throughoutits normal range of voltages when used in an electrochromic device.

Electrochromic devices have been proposed for commercial applicationsfor nearly seventy years (British Patent Specification No. 328,017(1929) to F. H. Smith). However, the first commercially successfulelectrochromic device, a dimmable rearview mirror for motor vehicles,was not introduced until 1987. Various automatic rearview mirrors formotor vehicles have been devised which automatically change from thefull reflectance mode (day) to the partial reflectance mode(s) (night)for glare protection purposes from light emanating from the headlightsof vehicles approaching from the rear. The electrochromic mirrorsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,108, entitled "Single-Compartment,Self-Erasing, Solution-Phase Electrochromic Devices, Solutions for UseTherein, and Uses Thereof", issued Feb. 20, 1990 to H. J. Byker;Canadian Patent No. 1,300,945, entitled "Automatic Rearview MirrorSystem for Automotive Vehicles", issued May 19, 1992 to J. H. Bechtel etal.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,799, entitled "Variable Reflectance MotorVehicle Mirror", issued Jul. 7, 1992 to H. J. Byker; U.S. Pat. No.5,202,787, entitled "Electro-Optic Device", issued Apr. 13, 1993 to H.J. Byker et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,778, entitled "Control System ForAutomatic Rearview Mirrors", issued Apr. 20, 1993 to J. H. Bechtel; U.S.Pat. No. 5,278,693, entitled "Tinted Solution-Phase ElectrochromicMirrors", issued Jan. 11, 1994 to D. A. Theiste et al.; U.S. Pat. No.5,280,380, entitled "UV-Stabilized Compositions and Methods", issuedJan. 18, 1994 to H. J. Byker; U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,077, entitled"Variable Reflectance Mirror", issued Jan. 25, 1994 to H. J. Byker; U.S.Pat. No. 5,294,376, entitled "Bipyridinium Salt Solutions", issued Mar.15, 1994 to H. J. Byker; U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,448, entitled"Electrochromic Devices with Bipyridinium Salt Solutions", issued Aug.9, 1994 to H. J. Byker; U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,407, entitled "AutomaticRearview Mirror Incorporating Light Pipe", issued Jan. 18, 1995 to F. T.Bauer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,448,397, entitled "Outside AutomaticRearview Mirror for Automotive Vehicles", issued Sep. 5, 1995 to W. L.Tonar; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,822, entitled "Electronic ControlSystem", issued Sep. 19, 1995 to J. H. Bechtel et al., each of whichpatents is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and thedisclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated herein byreference, are typical of modern day automatic rearview mirrors formotor vehicles. Such electrochromic mirrors may be utilized in a fullyintegrated inside/outside rearview mirror system or as an inside or anoutside rearview mirror system. In general, in automatic rearviewmirrors of the types disclosed in the above referenced U.S. Patents,both the inside and the outside rearview mirrors are comprised of arelatively thin electrochromic medium sandwiched and sealed between twoglass elements.

In most electrochromic mirrors, when the electrochromic medium whichfunctions as the media of variable transmittance is electricallyenergized, it darkens and begins to absorb light, and the more light theelectrochromic medium absorbs the darker the mirror becomes. When theelectrical voltage is decreased to zero, the mirror returns to its clearstate. The electrochromic medium is contained in a sealed chamberdefined by a transparent front glass element coated with a transparentconductor, a peripheral edge seal, and a rear mirror element havingeither a reflective layer or a transparent conductive layer in contactwith the electrochromic medium depending on whether the mirror has athird or fourth surface reflector. The conductive layers on both thefront glass element and the rear glass element are connected toelectronic circuitry which is effective to electrically energize theelectrochromic medium to switch the mirror to nighttime, decreasedreflectance modes when glare is detected and thereafter allow the mirrorto return to the daytime, high reflectance mode when the glare subsides,as described in detail in the aforementioned U.S. Patents. For clarityof description of such a structure, the front surface of the front glasselement is referred to as the first surface, and the inside surface ofthe front glass element is referred to as the second surface. The insidesurface of the rear glass element is referred to as the third surface,and the back surface of the rear glass element is referred to as thefourth surface.

The electrochromic medium is typically comprised of solution-phaseelectrochromic materials, electrodeposition type electrochromicmaterials, surface confined electrochromic materials or combinationsthereof. The electrochromic medium changes from a clear or high visiblelight transmission level, to a lightly colored state, to a moderatelycolored state, and to a dark or low visible light transmission coloredstate when various voltages are applied and electrochemical oxidationand reduction take place. An important factor in determining thedesirability of an electrochromic device is its perceived color when inits clear state and dark state and any state therebetween. The perceivedcolor of an electrochromic mirror includes the influences from the frontglass element, the two transparent conductive coatings, the reflectorand, most importantly, the electrochromic medium.

Generally speaking, there is a desire for a gray colored electrochromicmedium in interior mirrors and most exterior mirrors for motor vehiclesbecause the perceived color of the reflected image will closely resemblethe color of the object before being reflected. In addition, it isdesirable that the electrochromic device maintain this gray color duringits darkening and clearing transitions so that the perceived colors of areflected image do not change during these transitions. However,arguments have been made for tinted or colored mirrors. For example,commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,693 to D. A. Theiste et al.,discloses adding an electrochemically inactive and stable compound to asolution-phase electrochromic device to provide a blue tint. Thiselectrochemically inactive compound is essentially a dye normallypresent at low levels, and will provide a perceived tint to the deviceonly in the highest reflectance or transmittance states when little orno voltage is applied.

In other applications such as architectural windows, sun roofs, displaysand specialty windows, various colors (e.g., blue, greens, purples,yellows) in addition to gray may be desirable for a number of reasons.For instance, it may be desired that certain electrochromic windows betinted to match the decor of the room, provide contrast enhancement orgray scale dimming filters for displays emitting particular colors oflight, or to give a building a particular color or appearance.

A problem in the art, then has been the inability to pre-select a colorof an electrochromic device while simultaneously ensuring that thedevice generally maintains the desired color when in its clear state anddark state and any state therebetween. With such devices used aselectrochromic rearview mirrors for motor vehicles and many windowapplications, a desired color is one that is perceived as gray. Forother applications, colors that are perceived other than gray, (e.g.,red, yellow, green, blue, purple) may be desirable.

Consequently, it is desirable to provide an improved electrochromicmedium having at least three electroactive materials whoseconcentrations may be chosen to produce a pre-selected perceived color,where the electrochromic medium generally maintains the pre-selectedperceived color throughout its normal range of voltages when used in anelectrochromic device.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide animproved electrochromic medium having at least three electroactivematerials whose relative concentrations may be chosen to produce apre-selected perceived color, where the electrochromic medium generallymaintains the pre-selected perceived color throughout its normal rangeof voltages when used in an electrochromic device.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improvedelectrochromic medium having at least three electroactive materialswhose concentrations may be chosen to produce a perceived gray color,where the electrochromic medium generally maintains the gray colorthroughout its normal range of voltages when used in an electrochromicdevice.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide novelelectroactive materials.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The above and other objects, which will become apparent from thespecification as a whole, including the drawings, are accomplished inaccordance with the present invention by providing an electrochromicdevice having an electrochromic medium that comprises at least threeelectroactive materials having absorption spectra that add together suchthat the color of the electrochemically activated electrochromic mediumcan be pre-selected by individually choosing the concentrations of theat least three electroactive materials. The electrochromic mediumgenerally maintains the pre-selected perceived color throughout itsnormal range of voltages when used in an electrochromic device. The atleast three electroactive materials include at least oneelectrochemically reducible material (cathodic material), at least oneelectrochemically oxidizable material (anodic material) and at least oneadditional electroactive material which may be either an anodic orcathodic material. Thus, there are always at least three electroactivematerials present in the medium, with at least two either being anodicor cathodic materials. The pre-selected color may be chosen from a widevariety of colors and may be, for example, gray, red, orange, yellow,green, blue, and purple. For electrochromic mirrors for motor vehiclesand many window applications, a presently preferred color is gray.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularlypointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of thespecification. The invention, together with further objects andadvantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the followingdescription taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherelike numerals represent like components, in which:

FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of an electrochromic device;

FIG. 2 illustrates scaled absorption spectra for the electrochemicallyactivated states of the following individual electrochromic materials:5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine (A1);2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine (A6);1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl) dipyridinium diperchlorate(C4); 1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate) (C5), where each absorption spectrum is scaledto the relative concentrations of the activated states that would bepresent in an activated device; as well as the composite spectrum forthe activated state of an electrochromic medium originally comprising A1and 80% and A6 at 20% of the total anodic materials, plus C4 at 50% andC5 at 50% of the total cathodic materials;

FIG. 3 illustrates scaled absorption spectra for the electrochemicallyactivated states of the following individual electrochromic materials:5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine (A);2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine (B); and tungstentrioxide (C), where each absorption spectrum is scaled to the relativeconcentrations of the activated states that would be present in anactivated device; as well as the composite spectrum (D) which is the sumof the scaled spectra of the activated states of these threeelectrochromic materials;

FIG. 4 shows several curves representing the color coordinates ofvarious electrochromic mirrors incorporating various electrochromicmedia as the mirrors are transitioned from their clear or highreflectance states to their dark or low reflectance states;

FIG. 5 shows several curves representing the color coordinates ofvarious electrochromic media incorporated in various electrochromicwindows as the windows are transitioned from their clear or hightransmission states to their dark or low transmission states;

FIG. 6 shows several color coordinate curves indicating the stagingphenomenon in electrochromic windows incorporating variouselectrochromic media as the windows are transitioned from their clear orhigh transmission states to their dark or low transmission states; and

FIG. 7 is a front elevational view schematically illustrating aninside/outside electrochromic rearview mirror medium for motor vehicleswhere the inside and outside mirrors incorporate the mirror assembly ofthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an electrochromic device 110which may be a mirror, a window, a display device, and the like. Device110 has a front transparent element 112 having a front surface 112a anda rear surface 112a, and a rear element 114 having a front surface 114aand a rear surface 114b. Since some of the layers of the mirror are verythin, the scale has been distorted for pictorial clarity. Also, forclarity of description of such a structure, the following designationswill be used hereinafter. The front surface 112a of the front glasselement will be referred to as the first surface and the back surface112b of the front glass element as the second surface. The front surface114a of the rear glass element will be referred to as the third surface,and the back surface 114b of the rear glass element as the fourthsurface.

Front transparent element 112 may be any material which is transparentand has sufficient strength to be able to operate in the conditions,e.g., varying temperatures and pressures, commonly found in theautomotive environment. Front element 112 may comprise any type ofborosilicate glass, soda lime glass, float glass or any other material,such as, for example, a polymer or plastic, that is transparent in thevisible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Front element 112 ispreferably a sheet of glass with a thickness ranging from 0.5millimeters (mm) to about 12.7 mm. Rear element 114 must meet theoperational conditions outlined above, except that if the electrochromicdevice is a mirror, rear element 114 does not need to be transparent,and therefore may comprise polymers, metals, glass, ceramics, andpreferably is a sheet of glass with a thickness ranging from 0.5 mm toabout 12.7 mm.

A layer of a transparent electrically conductive material 116 isdeposited on the second surface 112b to act as an electrode. Transparentconductive material 116 may be any material that: is substantiallytransparent to visible light; bonds well to front element 112 andmaintains this bond when the epoxy seal 118 bonds thereto; is resistantto corrosion by any materials within the electrochromic device; isresistant to corrosion by the atmosphere; and has minimal diffuse orspecular reflectance and good electrical conductance. Transparentconductive material 116 may be fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), tin dopedindium oxide (ITO), ITO/metal/ITO (IMI) as disclosed in "TransparentConductive Multilayer-Systems for FPD Applications", by J. Stollenwerk,B. Ocker, K. H. Kretschmer of LEYBOLD AG, Alzenau, Germany, and thematerials described in above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,787, such asTEC 20 or TEC 15, available from Libbey Owens-Ford Co. (LOF) of Toledo,Ohio. Co-filed U.S. Patent Application entitled "AN IMPROVEDELECTRO-OPTIC DEVICE INCLUDING A LOW SHEET RESISTANCE, HIGH TRANSMISSIONTRANSPARENT ELECTRODE" describes a low sheet resistance, hightransmission, scratch resistant transparent electrode that forms strongbonds with adhesives, is not oxygen sensitive, and can be bent to formconvex or aspheric electro-optic mirror elements or tempered in airwithout adverse side effects. The disclosure of this commonly assignedApplications is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Similarrequirements are needed for the layer 120 deposited onto the thirdsurface 114a, whether it is a transparent conductive material used inelectrochromic windows and in mirrors having a fourth surface reflector,or a combined reflector/electrode (discussed below) used inelectrochromic mirrors having a third surface reflector.

The conductance of the layer(s) of transparent conductive material (116and/or 120) will depend on their thickness and composition. As a generalrule TEC coatings from LOF are more color neutral than simple FTO andITO coatings. This difference in color neutrality impacts the overallcolor of the reflected image when the mirror is fully darkened becausealmost all the reflection seen by the driver comes from the first andsecond surfaces. Thus, if there is transparent conductive material onthe second surface of the mirror that is not color neutral it can impactthe color of the reflected image viewed by the driver. In certainautomotive mirror systems it is beneficial to use TEC coatings as thetransparent conductor on the interior mirror, but not larger exteriormirrors. When thin glass is used for larger exterior mirrors TEC cannotbe used because these coatings are applied on the float-line, and it isvery difficult to make thin glass on large float-lines and even moredifficult to apply coatings while making thin glass on a float-line.Therefore, thin glass coated on a float-line is not presentlycommercially available. If a simple ITO coating is used on the exteriormirror then the reflected image will not be color neutral when themirror is in the fully darkened state and one will notice a differencein color between the reflected images of these exterior mirror andinterior mirrors made with TEC glass coatings. U.S. Patent Applicationentitled "A ELECTROCHROMIC MIRROR WITH TWO THIN GLASS ELEMENTS AND AGELLED ELECTROCHROMIC MEDIUM" discloses a preferred color neutraltransparent conductive coating that can be used on the second surface ofa mirror or a window and will eliminate the described problem. Theentire disclosure of this commonly assigned co-pending U.S. PatentApplication is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This colorneutral transparent conductive coating provides a particularlyadvantageous combination with the gray electrochromic medium of thepresent invention. The combination of a bright nearly achromaticreflector, a gray electrochromic medium and a color neutral transparentconductive coating provides, for the first time, a rearview mirror whichis perceived as neutral gray throughout all of its reflectance range,including intermediate reflectances.

For electrochromic mirrors the reflector may be placed on the fourthsurface, in which case a layer of a transparent conductive electrode isdisposed on the third surface 114a, or the reflector may be placed onthe third surface 114a in accordance with the disclosure of U.S. PatentApplication entitled "ELECTROCHROMIC REARVIEW MIRROR INCORPORATING ATHIRD SURFACE METAL REFLECTOR" filed on or about Apr. 2, 1997. Theentire disclosure of this commonly assigned co-pending U.S. PatentApplication is hereby incorporated herein by reference. In this case thethird surface reflector doubles as an electrode and the transparentconductive layer on the third surface is not necessary. A heater (notshown) may be placed directly on the fourth surface 114b.

The coating 120 of the third surface 114a (whether a transparentconductor or a reflector/electrode) is sealably bonded to the coating116 on the second surface 112b near the outer perimeter by a sealingmember 118, thereby defining a chamber 122. For electrochromic mirrors,sealing member 118 preferably contains glass beads (not shown) to holdtransparent elements 112 and 114 in a parallel and spaced-apartrelationship. Sealing member 118 may be any material which is capable ofadhesively bonding the coatings on the second surface 112b to thecoatings on the third surface 114a to seal the perimeter such thatelectrochromic medium 124 does not leak from chamber 122. Optionally,the layer of transparent conductive coating 116 and the layer on thethird surface 120 (transparent conductive material orreflector/electrode) may be removed over a portion where sealing member118 is disposed (not the entire portion, otherwise the drive potentialcould not be applied to the two coatings). In such a case, sealingmember 118 must bond well to glass.

The performance requirements for a perimeter seal member 118 used in anelectrochromic device are similar to those for a perimeter seal used ina liquid crystal device (LCD) which are well known in the art. The sealmust have good adhesion to glass, metals and metal oxides, must have lowpermeabilities for oxygen, moisture vapor and other detrimental vaporsand gases, and must not interact with or poison the electrochromic orliquid crystal material it is meant to contain and protect. Theperimeter seal can be applied by means commonly used in the LCD industrysuch as by silk-screening or dispensing. Totally hermetic seals such asthose made with glass frit or solder glass can be used, but the hightemperatures involved in processing (usually near 450-degreesCentigrade) this type of seal can cause numerous problems such as glasssubstrate warpage, changes in the properties of transparent conductiveelectrode and oxidation or degradation of the reflector. Because oftheir lower processing temperatures, thermoplastic, thermosetting or UVcuring organic sealing resins are preferred. Such organic resin sealingsystems for LCD's are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,297,401, 4,418,102,4,695,490, 5,596,023 and 5,596,024. Because of their excellent adhesionto glass, low oxygen permeability and good solvent resistance, epoxybased organic sealing resins are preferred. These epoxy resin seals maybe UV curing, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,297,401, or thermallycuring, such as with mixtures of liquid epoxy resin with liquidpolyamide resin or dicyandiamide, or they can be homopolymerized. Theepoxy resin may contain fillers or thickeners to reduce flow andshrinkage such as fumed silica, silica, mica, clay, calcium carbonate,alumina, etc., and/or pigments to add color. Fillers pretreated withhydrophobic or silane surface treatments are preferred. Cured resincrosslink density can be controlled by use of mixtures ofmono-functional, di-functional and multi-functional epoxy resins andcuring agents. Additives such as silanes or titanates can be used toimprove the seal's hydrolytic stability, and spacers such as glass beadsor rods can be used to control final seal thickness and substratespacing. Suitable epoxy resins for use in a perimeter seal member 118include but are not limited to: "EPON RESIN" 813, 825, 826, 828, 830,834, 862, 1001F, 1002F, 2012, DPS-155, 164, 1031, 1074, 58005, 58006,58034, 58901, 871, 872 and DPL-862 available from Shell Chemical Co.,Houston, Tex.; "ARALITE" GY 6010, GY 6020, CY 9579, GT 7071, XU 248, EPN1139, EPN 1138, PY 307, ECN 1235, ECN 1273, ECN 1280, MT 0163, MY 720,MY 0500, MY 0510 and PT 810 available from Ciba Geigy, Hawthorne, N.Y.;"D.E.R." 331, 317, 361, 383, 661, 662, 667, 732, 736, "D.E.N." 431, 438,439 and 444 available from Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. Suitableepoxy curing agents include V-15, V-25 and V-40 polyamides from ShellChemical Co.; "AJICURE" PN-23, PN-34 and VDH available from AjinomotoCo., Tokyo, Japan; "CUREZOL" AMZ, 2MZ, 2E4MZ, C11Z, C17Z, 2PZ, 2IZ and2P4MZ available from Shikoku Fine Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan; "ERISYS" DDAor DDA accelerated with U-405, 24EMI, U-410 and U-415 available from CVCSpecialty Chemicals, Maple Shade, N.J.; "AMICURE" PACM, 352, CG, CG-325and CG-1200 available from Air Products, Allentown, Pa. Suitable fillersinclude fumed silica such as "CAB-O-SIL" L-90, LM-130, LM-5, PTG, M-5,MS-7, MS-55, TS-720, HS-5, EH-5 available from Cabot Corporation,Tuscola, Ill. ; "AEROSIL" R972, R974, R805, R812, R812 S, R202, US204and US206 available from Degussa, Akron, Ohio. Suitable clay fillersinclude BUCA, CATALPO, ASP NC, SATINTONE 5, SATINTONE SP-33, TRANSLINK37, TRANSLINK 77, TRANSLINK 445, TRANSLINK 555 available from EngelhardCorporation, Edison, N.J. Suitable silica fillers are SILCRON G-130,G-300, G-100-T and G-100 available from SCM Chemicals, Baltimore, Md.Suitable silane coupling agents to improve the seal's hydrolyticstability are Z-6020, Z-6030, Z-6032, Z-6040, Z-6075 and Z-6076available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mis. Suitable precisionglass microbead spacers are available in an assortment of sizes fromDuke Scientific, Palo Alto, Calif.

In discussing colors it is useful to refer to the CommissionInternationale de I'Eclairage's (CIE) 1976 CIELAB Chromaticity Diagram(commonly referred to as the L*a*b* chart). The technology of color isrelatively complex, but a fairly comprehensive discussion is given by F.W. Billmeyer and M. Saltzman in Principles of Color Technology, 2^(nd)Edition, J. Wiley and Sons Inc. (1981), and the present disclosure, asit relates to color technology and terminology, generally follows thatdiscussion. On the L*a*b* chart, L* defines lightness, a* denotes thered/green value and b* denotes the yellow/blue value. Each of theelectrochromic media has an absorption spectra at each particularvoltage that may be converted to a three number designation, theirL*a*b* values. To calculate a set of color coordinates, such as L*a*b*values, from the spectral transmission or reflectance, two additionalitems are required. One is the spectral power distribution of the sourceor illuminant. The present disclosure uses CIE Standard Illuminant A tosimulate light from automobile headlamps and uses CIE StandardIlluminant D₆₅ to simulate daylight. The second item needed is thespectral response of the observer. The present disclosure uses the 2degree CIE standard observer. The illuminant/observer combinationgenerally used for mirrors is then represented as A/2 degree and thecombination generally used for windows is represented as D₆₅ /2 degree.

In accordance with the present invention, the electrochromic deviceincludes an electrochromic medium that comprises at least threeelectroactive materials having absorption spectra when electrochemicallyactivated that add together such that the color of the electrochromicmedium can be pre-selected by individually choosing the concentrationsof the at least three electroactive materials. The at least threeelectroactive materials include at least one reducible material(cathodic material), at least one oxidizable material (anodic material)and at least one additional electroactive material which may be eitheran anodic or cathodic material. Thus, there are always threeelectroactive materials present in the medium, with at least two eitherbeing anodic or cathodic materials. Generally, all three electroactivematerials are electrochromic such that there is a change in theabsorption coefficient at at least one wavelength in the visiblespectrum when electrochemically activated. However, there are instanceswhere it is desirable to have at least two electrochromic anodicmaterials combined with at least one generally colorless electroactivecathodic material or, alternatively, at least two electrochromiccathodic materials combined with at least one generally colorlesselectroactive anodic material. In any case, at least two of theelectroactive materials must be electrochromic. Finally, if the at leastthree electroactive compounds in their non-activated, zero-potential,equilibrium states in the solution are not ionic, the electrochromicmedium further includes an electrolyte, although it should be understoodthat an additional electrolyte may be included when one or more of theelectroactive compounds is ionic.

The electrochromic medium includes electroactive cathodic and anodicmaterials that may be independently chosen from at least the followingthree categories:

(i) Solution-Phase--a material contained in solution in the ionicallyconducting electrolyte which remains in solution in the electrolyte whenelectrochemically reduced or oxidized. Solution phase electroactivematerials may be contained in the continuous solution phase of afree-standing gel in accordance with the teachings in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/616,967, entitled "IMPROVED ELECTROCHROMIC LAYERAND DEVICES COMPRISING SAME";

(ii) Surface-Confined--a material attached directly to an electronicallyconducting electrode or confined in close proximity thereto whichremains attached or confined when electrochemically reduced or oxidized;and

(iii) Electrodeposition--a material contained in solution in theionically conducting electrolyte which forms a layer on theelectronically conducting electrode when electrochemically reduced oroxidized.

In addition, the electrochromic medium may also include other materialslike solvents, light absorbers, light stabilizers, thermal stabilizers,antioxidants, thickeners or viscosity modifiers and a free standing gel(which includes a polymer matrix).

The absorption spectra of the electrochromic materials whenelectrochemically activated must add together such that the color of theelectrochromic medium can be pre-selected by individually choosing theconcentrations or layer thickness of the electrochromic materials. In astable device, every electron that is removed through oxidation of ananodic material must be balanced by one electron that is acceptedthrough reduction of a cathodic material. Thus in an electrochromicmedium containing three or more electroactive materials, the totalnumber of anodic species that are oxidized must equal the total numberof cathodic species that are reduced. This limitation is an importantaspect in ensuring the ability to make a pre-selected color inaccordance with the present invention. To illustrate this point, it iswell known that one may add blue to yellow to make green, however, if ananodic material with a change from colorless to dark blue on oxidation,and a cathodic material with a change from colorless to light yellow onreduction, are added together they will always produce an electrochromicmedium with the same hue throughout it normal voltage range regardlessof the ratios of the concentrations of the anodic and cathodicmaterials. This is because the total amount of anodic material oxidizedmust be equal to the total amount of cathodic material reduced. Thus,even if the amount of the cathodic material that turns yellow onreduction is doubled or even tripled the color will be the same becausefor every cathodic species that turns yellow, one anodic species willturn blue. However, in order for the concentration of both the cathodicelectroactive materials and the anodic electroactive materials to becurrent limiting in solution-phase systems, the total concentration ofone type may be different from the total concentration of the other typedue to differences in diffusion coefficients in the electrochromicmedium. Often the material(s) with smaller diffusion coefficients arepresent at slightly higher concentrations.

In order for an electrochromic medium containing multiple electroactiveanodic and cathodic materials to be able to make a pre-selected color,and generally maintain the pre-selected perceived color during darkeningand clearing transitions while simultaneously being desirable forcommercial applications, the medium should be photochemically andthermally stable, and all of the anodic materials present in theelectrochromic medium should have similar redox potentials to each otherand all of the cathodic materials present in the electrochromic mediumshould have similar redox potentials to each other.

If the perceived color of the device is to be consistent throughout theoperation of the electrochromic device (i.e., at various appliedvoltages and during coloring and clearing transitions) the redoxpotentials of all of the cathodic materials electrochemically activatedduring normal operation must be similar to each other, preferably within60 mV of each other, and the redox potentials of all the anodicmaterials electrochemically activated during operation must be similarto each other, preferably within 60 mV of each other. More preferably,the redox potentials of all of the cathodic materials are within 40 mVof each other and the redox potentials of all of the anodic materialsare within 40 mV of each other.

Even if the redox potentials of the color-contributing cathodicmaterials are not similar to one another, or the redox potentials of thecolor-contributing anodic materials are not similar to each other, adevice containing such an electrochromic medium may still exhibit asingle color due to a combination of all the colors of the cathodicmaterials or all the colors of the anodic materials at an appliedvoltage high enough to reduce all of the cathodic materials arriving atthe cathode and oxidize all of the anodic materials arriving at theanode. However, at lower applied voltages or during coloring transitionsor especially during clearing transitions, the colors due to the mosteasily reduced cathodic material, i.e., those with the highest redoxpotentials, and/or the most easily oxidized anodic materials, i.e.,those with the lowest redox potentials will dominate the perceived colorof the electrochromic medium. This phenomenon is commonly referred to asstaging. If the redox potentials are similar to each other (and assumingthe kinetics of the electrode reactions are at least somewhat similarand that the electrochromic materials have one color which only variesin perceived chroma throughout the voltage range of the device) then thecolor due to the electrochromic medium will be a consistent composite ofall of the color contributing cathodic and anodic materials throughoutthe operation of the device at various applied voltages and duringcoloring and clearing transitions. Stated another way, the absorptionspectra of the individual cathodic materials will add together and theabsorption spectra of the individual anodic materials will add together,such that the resulting absorption spectra of the electrochromic mediumwill produce a consistent perceived color or hue throughout theoperation of the device.

Electrochromic devices should preferably be photochemically stable.Devices used in applications like rearview mirrors, especially on theexterior of motor vehicles, must have means that prevent harmful photonsfrom reaching the electrochromic medium or must have an electrochromicmedium that is stable with respect to photochemical degradation, atleast for sunlight exposure over the useful life of the device while thedevice is in the nominally clear state. For electrochromic devices usedin applications like motor vehicle or architectural windows or glazing,the device must prevent harmful photons from reaching the electrochromicmedium or must have an electrochromic medium that is stable with respectto photochemical degradation both in the nominally clear state andduring electrochemical activation. For electrochromic devices and mediawhich contain multiple cathodic electrochromic materials and/or multipleanodic electrochromic materials, photons harmful to any one of theelectrochromic materials must be prevented from reaching that material,or each material and the medium as a whole must be stable with respectto photochemical degradation.

Finally, the electrochromic medium should preferably be thermally stableor be such that the medium doesn't lose its ability to color or becomepermanently discolored due to thermal degradation. Many electrochromicmedia proposed in the art suffer from lack of thermal stability for oneor more electrochromic materials in their nominally clear oxidationstates or especially in their colored oxidation states. Lack of thermalstability results in poor cycle life for the electrochromic device. Inelectrochromic media that contain multiple cathodic and/or multipleanodic materials, every electrochromic material must be thermally stableenough in each of its oxidation states present in the device, with orwithout applied voltage, to provide the device with adequate thermalstability for its intended use and life, or the thermal degradation ofthese materials must not discolor the device or impede the properoperation of the device.

As stated above, the electrochromic media of the present inventioncomprises at least three electroactive materials having absorptionspectra in their activated state that add together such that apre-selected color of the electrochromic medium can be made byindividually choosing the concentrations, relative concentrations orlayer thickness of the at least three electroactive materials containedin the medium. This pre-selected color may be a wide range of perceivedcolors, such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, gray, etc.

Tables 1 through 9 list a number of cathodic electrochromic materialsand a number of anodic electrochromic materials that when dissolved inthe proper solvent or solvent system, including enough dissolvedelectrolyte to provide ionic conductivity to the solution, can be usedas solution-phase electrochromic materials. The solvents used aregenerally the polar, aprotic organic solvents taught in U.S. Pat. No.4,902,108. In a number of these solvents, the materials in Tables 1through 9 exhibit two chemically reversible waves in a cyclicvoltammogram run at an inert electrode at room temperature. The firstcyclic voltammogram wave generally is due to a one electron per moleculereduction or one electron per molecule oxidation which is accompanied bya change from colorless or slightly colored to significantly colored(i.e. light absorbing at at least one wavelength in the visiblespectrum). The use of these materials in electrochromic devices isnormally restricted to the electrochemical activation of the materialsto this one electron reduced state or one electron oxidized state. Thesereduced states for cathodic materials or oxidized states for anodicmaterials have a particular light absorption spectrum that generallyfollow Beer's law throughout their range of concentrations in activatedelectrochromic devices, with the exception of some materials which athigher concentrations of the reduced state show complication in thespectrum due to what is believed to be dimerization.

As long as the voltage applied to an electrochromic device containingthese materials is restricted to the normal range in which only the oneelectron reduced state or one electron oxidized state is produced at theelectrodes, the materials will make a consistent color contributionvarying only in the amount of absorption. If the voltage is too large,the color or visible light absorption spectrum of the twice reducedstate(s) and/or twice oxidized state(s) will contribute to the overallspectrum of the electrochromic medium and therefore the electrochromicdevice. Going outside the normal voltage range may and often will resultin a perceived change in color of the medium. For several of thematerials in Tables 1 and 2, the difference in redox potential for thefirst one electron reduction and the second one electron reduction isquite small and therefore the normal voltage range for a devicecontaining these materials is quite limited. Generally if anelectrochromic medium contains both anodic and cathodic electrochromicmaterials from Tables 1 through 9, then the normal voltage across themedium is from about 0.3 volts less than the difference in redoxpotentials between the cathodic materials and the anodic materials toabout 0.2 to 0.4 volts more than the difference in these redoxpotentials.

The redox potentials in Tables 1 through 9 were determined bydifferential pulse voltammetry at a platinum working electrode in anargon-purged propylene carbonate solution containing 0.2 molartetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate with an internal reference compoundof known redox potential. Ultimately, all of the redox potentials inTables 1 through 9 are given relative to the redox potential of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine being set to 0.300 volts.

Tables 1 through 4 list four groups of cathodic electrochromic materialswhich change from colorless or slightly colored to significantly coloredwhen electrochemically reduced. The tables also give the redoxpotentials for the first one electron reduction of each material and thewavelengths of maximum absorbance and the logarithms of the absorptioncoefficients at these wavelengths for the one electron reduced state ofnearly all of the cathodic materials listed. Tables 5 and 6 list twomore groups of cathodic electrochromic materials and the redoxpotentials for the first one electron reduction for each material. Theredox potential for electrochemical reduction is similar within eachtable or group.

All of the cathodic materials in Table 1 have their redox potentialsbetween -0.112 volts and -0.132 volts, however the one electron reducedmaterials have different absorption spectra with different wavelengthsof maximum absorbance, which results in different perceived colors, whenthe materials are reduced. For example, in Table 1 materials 1 and 4appear green in color when reduced and materials 2 and 5 appear blue incolor when reduced. By choosing various relative concentrations of, forinstance, materials 1 and 2, the cathodic materials' contribution to thecolor of the electrochromic medium can range between blue, blue-greenand green.

All of the cathodic materials in Table 2 have their redox potentialsbetween -0.192 volts and -0.216 volts. However, the spectral absorbancesof the materials in their reduced states show that the materials appeardifferent in color from each other and they can be combined in variousrelative concentrations to impart a particular color contribution,(different from any of the materials individually), to an electrochromicmedium containing this cathodic material combination.

All of the cathodic materials in Table 3 have their redox potentialsbetween -0.276 volts and -0.304 volts, however there are differences intheir absorption spectra that lead to useful combinations of thesecathodic materials in electrochromic devices.

The cathodic materials in Table 4 have redox potentials similar to eachother and are between -0.340 volts and -0.376 volts. While materials 1,3 and 5 have at least somewhat similar spectra and similar blueappearance in their reduced states, materials 2 and 4 have significantlydifferent spectra and color appearance. When reduced, material 2 appearspurple and material 4 appears green. This allows for particularlyadvantageous combinations for materials in Table 4 especially withregard to achieving gray color in an electrochromic mirror or window.

The cathodic materials in Table 5 have redox potentials between -0.424and -0.436. Although the absorption coefficients have not been measured,the compounds have different absorption spectra when electrochemicallyreduced and can be combined with each other and/or anodic materials togive useful color contributions to the appearance of electrochromicdevices.

The cathodic materials in Table 6 have redox potentials between -0.472and -0.492. Although the absorption coefficients have not been measuredthe compounds have different absorption spectra when electrochemicallyreduced and can be combined with each other and/or anodic materials togive useful color contributions to the appearance of electrochromicdevices.

                                      TABLE 1                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                        Cation Radical                                                            E.sub.1/2                                                                         max (log ε)                       __________________________________________________________________________    1. 1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)                                                     -0.100                                                                            434 (4.57) 644 (4.31) 710 (4.22)          2. 1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)                                      -0.112                                                                            400 (4.64) 600 (4.30) 712 (3.84)          3. 1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)                                      -0.116                                                                            428 (4.54) 572 (4.20) 642 (4.08) 710                                          (3.91)                                    4. 1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate    )                               -0.116                                                                            436 (4.50) 608 (4.18) 644 (4.23) 710                                          (4.13)                                    5. 1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate    )                               -0.116                                                                            400 (4.63) 600 (4.33) 712 (3.86)          6. 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate)                                     -0.132                                        __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 2                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                          Cation Radical                                                            E.sub.1/2                                                                         max (log E)                             __________________________________________________________________________    1. 1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosp    hate)                             -0.192                                                                            410 (3.75) 606 (4.16) 710 (3.75)        2. 1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate)                                                -0.204                                                                            414 (4.36) 608 (3.87) 712 (3.45)        3. 1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate)                                      -0.216                                                                            398 (4.55) 602 (4.21) 718 (3.62)        4. 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate    )                                 -0.216                                                                            428 (4.35) 610 (4.20) 720 (3.74)        5. 1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium                      bis(hexafluorophosphate)          -0.216                                                                            398 (4.56) 602 (4.19) 722               __________________________________________________________________________                                          (3.55)                              

                                      TABLE 3                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                      Cation Radical                                                            E.sub.1/2                                                                         max (log ε)                         __________________________________________________________________________    1. 1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)                                       -0.276                                                                            410 (4.35) 604 (4.14)                       2. 1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)                                      -0.292                                                                            400 (4.47) 636 (4.19)                       3. 1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)                                    -0.296                                                                            398 (4.61) 604 (4.16) 732 (3.50)            4. 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)                                                   -0.304                                                                            394 (4.56) 604 (4.12) 738                   __________________________________________________________________________                                      (3.50)                                  

                                      TABLE 4                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                           Cation Radical                                                            E.sub.1/2                                                                         max (log ε)                    __________________________________________________________________________    1. 1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium                     bis(hexafluorophosphate)           -0.340                                                                            396 (4.57) 608 (4.18) 730 (347)        2. 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium                                                      -0.352hlorate                                                                     556 (3.86)                             3. 1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium                      bis(tetrafluoroborate)             -0.360                                                                            396 (4.49) 590 (4.22) 688 (3.83)       4. 1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate)*                                       -0.360                                                                            432 (3.81) 468 (3.85) 748 (3.53)       5. 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium               bis(tetrafluoroborate)             -0.376                                                                            396 (4.60) 610 (4.25) 725              __________________________________________________________________________                                           (3.61)                                  *IUPAC name: 6,7dihydrodipyrido-[1,2a:1c]pyrazinediium                        bis(hexafluorophosphate)                                                 

                                      TABLE 5                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                       E.sub.1/2                                  __________________________________________________________________________    1. 1,6-diethyl-1,6-diazapyrene-2,5,7,10-tetraketone                                                              -0.424                                     2. 1,1',2,2',3,3',4,4'-octahydro-8,8'-biquinolizinium bis(tetrafluoroborat    e)                                 -0.436                                     3. 1,1',2-trimethyl-2',6,6'-tris(2-phenylethyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium             bis(tetrafluoroborate)             -0.436                                     __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 6                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                         E.sub.1/2                                __________________________________________________________________________    1. 2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone          -0.472                                   2. 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone        -0.472                                   3. 1-methyl-4-(1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-pyridinium hexafluorophosphate                                                 -0.472                                   4. 1,1',2,2',6-pentamethyl-6'-n-hexyl-4,4'-dipyridinium                       bis(hexafluorophosphate)             -0.484                                   5. 1,1',2,2'-tetramethyl-6,6'-bis-n-hexyl-4,4'-dipyridinium                   bis(hexafluorophosphate)             -0.488                                   6. 1,1',2,2',6-pentamethyl-6'-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-dipyridinium               bis(hexafluorophosphate)             -0.492                                   __________________________________________________________________________

Tables 7 through 9 list groups of anodic materials that are colorless orslightly colored which change to significantly colored whenelectrochemically oxidized. The tables also give the redox potentialsfor the first one electron oxidation of each material and thewavelengths of maximum absorbance and the logarithms of the absorptioncoefficients at these wavelengths for the one electron oxidized state ofthe anodic materials listed.

All of the anodic materials in Table 7 have their redox potentialsbetween 0.256 volts and 0.264 volts, however the one electron oxidizedmaterials all have different absorption spectra. The oxidized materialsappear blue, brown, purple or green and can be combined in selectedrelative concentrations in electrochromic devices to impart any of anumber of particular or predetermined color contributions.

All of the anodic materials in Table 8 have their redox potentialsbetween 0.290 volts and 0.308 volts. The wavelength of maximumabsorbance for the main absorbance peak of the oxidized state of thesematerials varies from 460 nanometers to 532 nanometers. Numerous usefulcombinations of these materials at selected relative concentrations canbe used in electrochromic devices to achieve a particular colorappearance contribution.

Finally, all of the anodic materials in Table 9 have similar redoxpotential to each other and are between 0.344 volts and 0.352 volts.Even though the redox potentials are similar the color appearance andabsorption spectra are different and combinations at selected relativeconcentrations are useful for imparting a particular color appearance toelectrochromic devices.

                                      TABLE 7                                     __________________________________________________________________________                              Cation Radical                                                            E.sub.1/2                                                                         max (log ε)                                 __________________________________________________________________________    1. N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine                                                         0.256                                                                             566 (4.11) 6.14 (4.13)                              2. 2,5,10-trimethyl-3-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                  0.260                                                                             494 (4.04) 614 (3.16) 666 (3.22) 730 (3.10)         3. 5-ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                          0.264                                                                             450 (3.91) 606 (3.02) 660 (3.21) 726 (3.17)         4. 5,10-methyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(A)phenazine                                                        0.264                                                                             532 (3.86) 670 (3.38)                               __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 8                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                     Cation Radical                                                            E.sub.1/2                                                                         max (log ε)                          __________________________________________________________________________    1. 2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                       0.290                                                                             516 (4.11) 682 (3.40)                        2. 2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                           0.292                                                                             506 (3.99) 654 (3.32)                        3. 2,7-bis(o-tolyl)-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                    0.292                                                                             512 (4.17) 680 (3.40) 744 (3.31)             4. 2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-diethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                       0.292                                                                             482 (4.09) 652 (3.29) 716 (3.16)             5. 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                                     0.300                                                                             460 (3.97) 608 (3.11) 660 (3.27) 7.28                                         (3.21)                                       6. 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                        0.300                                                                             532 (4.04) 676 (3.30) 744 (3.10)             7. 2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                        0.300                                                                             532 (4.13) 702 (3.52) 768 (3.50)             8. 2-vinyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                             0.300                                                                             484 (3.94) 670 (3.27) 734 (3.21)             9. 2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                            0.308                                                                             496 (4.00) 676 (3.31) 744                    __________________________________________________________________________                                     (3.23)                                   

                                      TABLE 9                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                   Cation Radical                                                            E.sub.1/2                                                                         max (log ε)                            __________________________________________________________________________    1. 5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                                0.344                                                                             480 (3.94) 682 (3.23) 752 (3.19)               2. 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrodibenzo(A,C)phenazine                                                       0.344                                                                             536 (4.02)                                     3. 1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                                       0.348                                                                             496 (3.95) 714 (3.16) 772 (3.08)               4. 2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                          0.348                                                                             482 (4.04) 658 (3.08) 714 (3.05)               5. 2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(B)phenazine                                                    0.352                                                                             436 (4.01) 534 (4.14)                          __________________________________________________________________________

In accordance with an important aspect of the present invention, Table10 shows the results of combining various concentrations of a number ofthe materials from Tables 1 through 9 in the electrochromic medium of anelectrochromic device and how the concentrations of at least threeelectroactive materials may be chosen to produce a device having apre-selected perceived color. Because the anodic materials and thecathodic materials themselves are chosen such that they have similarredox potentials, the electrochromic medium maintains the predeterminedperceived color in its electrochemically activated states throughout itsnormal range of voltages.

                                      TABLE 10                                    __________________________________________________________________________    Concentration of Anodic Material                                                              Concentration of Cathodic Materials                                                           Color Coordinates of Window                   (millimolar)    (millimolar)    in Full Colored State (A/2 degree)            A1   A2 A3                                                                              A4                                                                              A5                                                                              A6                                                                              C1 C2 C3 C4 C5  L*  a*  b*  Y                                 __________________________________________________________________________      20 10 5 --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              -- 15 25 -- --  39.93                                                                             -1.77                                                                             11.26                                                                             --                                  15 7.5                                                                              3.8                                                                             --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              30 -- -- -- --  32.84                                                                             -5.65                                                                             -26.22                                                                            --                                  17 8.5                                                                              4.3                                                                             --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              -- 17 17 -- --  40.19                                                                             -0.88                                                                             3.40                                                                              11.37                               17 8.5                                                                              4.3                                                                             --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              -- 19 15 -- --  35.39                                                                             0.07                                                                              -2.39                                                                             8.70                                15 15 --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              30 -- -- -- --  30.31                                                                             -2.72                                                                             -24.84                                                                            6.36                                20 10 --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              30 -- -- -- --  33.36                                                                             -10.32                                                                            -20.06                                                                            7.70                                28 -- --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              34 -- -- -- --  34.34                                                                             -28.76                                                                            -15.79                                                                            8.17                                15 10 --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              30 -- -- -- --  34.91                                                                             -9.20                                                                             -23.35                                                                            8.45                                22 -- 6 --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              34 -- -- -- --  31.71                                                                             -11.70                                                                            -21.86                                                                            6.96                              10.                                                                             24 -- 4 --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              34 -- -- -- --  32.45                                                                             -15.19                                                                            -18.68                                                                            7.29                                -- -- --                                                                              --                                                                              20                                                                              5 30 -- -- -- --  33.41                                                                             -18.10                                                                            -18.00                                                                            7.73                                -- -- --                                                                              --                                                                              20                                                                              5 -- -- -- 15 15  47.43                                                                             -8.46                                                                             -7.44                                                                             16.35                               20 -- 5 --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              -- --  3  6 21  37.16                                                                             -13.37                                                                            -16.10                                                                            9.63                                19.2                                                                             -- --                                                                              --                                                                              --                                                                              4.8                                                                             -- -- -- 14 14  48.35                                                                             -3.13                                                                             -9.58                                                                             17.07                             __________________________________________________________________________     See next page for designations of A1-A6 and C1-C5                             A1 = 5,10dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                       A2 = 2phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                              A3 = 2,3diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                          A4 = 5ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                                   A5 = 2,5,10trimethyl-3-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                           A6 = 2,7diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine                         C1 = 1,1bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)        C2 = 1,1dibenzyl-2,2',6,6tetramethyl-4,4dipyridinium                          bis(tetrafluoroborate)                                                        C3 = 1,1ethylene-4,4dimethyl-2,2dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate)         C4 = 1,1dimethyl-4,4(1,3,5-triazine-2,4diyl)dipyridinium diperchlorate        C5 = 1,1dimethyl-2(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4dipyridinium                        bis(hexafluorophosphate)                                                 

The results of Table 10 are shown in terms of the L*a*b* colorcoordinates of transmitted light when the electrochromic window deviceswere in their full colored state. This is the state in which L* is aminimum, the chroma is a maximum and a* and b* are furthest from thea*=0 and b*=0 origin (for the normal operation of the device). Theelectrochromic devices were fabricated using parallel, planar, spacedapart sheets of glass coated on the surfaces facing each other withfluorine-doped tin oxide, (TEC 15 coated glass available fromLibbey-Owens-Ford of Toledo, Ohio). The spacing between thefluorine-doped tin oxide layers (cell spacing), was 137 microns. Atleast one electrochromic window device was filled with a propylenecarbonate solution containing each of the various millimolar (mM)concentrations and combinations of anodic material(s) and cathodicmaterial(s) for each row of Table 10. The visible spectrum of the devicein its clear state with no voltage applied was subtracted from the fullcolored state, normally with 0.6 to 1.0 volts applied. This differencespectra was converted to the color coordinates (Standard IlluminantA/2-degree), shown on the right hand side of the table by a standardmethod known in the art. Also shown is Y, the measure of brightness.

Referring specifically to Row 7, an electrochromic medium comprising ananodic and a cathodic electrochromic material is shown whose relativeconcentration is found in commercially available electrochromic mirrors.In an electrochromic window with this electrochromic medium in the fullcolored state, the color coordinates show a large negative a* or greenappearance and a somewhat smaller negative b* or some blue appearanceand the fully colored window appears green-blue-green. Also ofparticular note are the electrochromic window devices with theconcentrations/combinations given in rows 3 and 4 which have very lowabsolute a* and b* values and which appear nearly perfectly gray and thedevices of rows 12 and 14 which also have relatively small values for a*and b* and give near neutral gray appearance with various appliedvoltages and transmission levels including the lowest transmission levelor full colored state. In Table 10, all of the anodic materials combinedin one device have redox potentials similar to each other and all of thecathodic materials combined in one device have redox potentials similarto each other. Therefore the devices have the same perceived colorthroughout their coloration or darkening range, which is to say thedevices lack staging of colors both during coloration and clearing.

It should be understood that with the data in Tables 1 through 10, notonly combinations of various anodic electrochromic materials andcathodic electrochromic materials can be chosen, but various relativeconcentrations of each anodic material and cathodic material can bechosen. All such combinations of electrochromic materials that whencombined give a gray device should be understood to be within the scopeof the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a method by which a predetermined color for anelectrochromic medium can be chosen. The visible light absorptionspectrum for the colored state or in this case the cation radical ofeach of the compounds listed below for FIG. 2 was determined. Eachnominal spectrum was determined for the same path length andconcentration for the colored state of each material and was scaled asdescribed below. As described earlier, in a stable electrochromic devicethe number of electrons added to the electrochromic medium equals thenumber of electrons removed during electrochemical activation and, (asis this case for these materials listed below for FIG. 2), ifelectrochemical activation involves one electron reduction for eachcathodic compound and one electron oxidation for each anodic compoundthe total number or effective concentration of activated cathodicspecies will equal the total number or effective concentration ofactivated anodic species.

Thus the percentages of the spectra for the cathodic species and thepercentages of the spectra for the anodic species will each add up to100%. Curve A1 shows 80% of the nominal spectrum of the cation radicalof 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, Curve A6 shows 20% of thenominal spectrum of the cation radical of2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, Curve C4 shows 50% ofthe nominal spectrum of the cation radical of1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium diperchlorate,and Curve C5 shows 50% of the nominal spectrum of the cation radical of1,1'-dimethyl2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate). These scaled spectra were added together togive the composite spectrum that would be essentially the same as thatobserved in an electrochemically activated electrochromic mediumcontaining these relative concentrations of these electrochromiccompounds.

The absorbances in FIG. 2 are shown on a relative scale as theabsorbance of the electrochromic medium, once activated, will have thesame shape (or relative peak heights and peak positions), shown but willincrease as a whole as the voltage is increased. As described above, theabsorbance spectrum shape will remain the same throughout the normalvoltage range of the electrochromic medium which is generally from about0.3 volts less than the difference in redox potentials between theanodic materials and the cathodic materials to about 0.2 to 0.4 voltsmore than the difference in these redox potentials. In this case, thenormal operating voltage range across the medium for the materials inFIG. 2 would be from about 0.35 volts to about 0.95 volts since theanodic materials have redox potentials around +0.300 volts and thecathodic materials have redox potentials around -0.350 volts for adifference of 0.650 volts. Throughout this voltage range and differentlevels of darkening, an electrochromic window containing anelectrochromic medium comprised of the electrochromic materials in FIG.2 in the given relative concentration ratios will maintain a constantblue-gray appearance. The device could be said to maintain nearlyconstant hue as its magnitude of chroma is increased.

FIG. 3 shows the scaled spectra of: the cation radical of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine in Curve A; the cation radical of2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine in Curve B; a tungstentrioxide film which has been electrochemically reduced in the presenceof lithium ion to form Li_(x) WO₃ in Curve C. The sum or compositespectrum for the scaled spectra of these three electrochromic materialsis shown in Curve D. An electrochromic device containing thiselectrochromic medium has a surface confined WO₃ layer on one electrode(either the second or third surface) and a solution of propylenecarbonate containing the two anodic materials and a lithium salt (e.g.,LiClO₄, to provide ionic conductivity and a lithium ion source), incontact with the other electrode and the WO₃ layer. The spectra arescaled such that 60% of the anodic material to be electrochemicallyactivated is 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine and 40% is2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, and the tungstentrioxide film thickness is chosen to allow the absorbance in its reducedstate to have the spectral contribution relative to the anodic materialsshown in FIG. 2.

The electrochromic device is still self-erasing, like an allsolution-phase device, since the oxidized anodic materials can diffuseto the reduced tungsten trioxide film and spontaneously exchangeelectrons to oxidize the reduced film and reduce the oxidized anodicmaterials. Thus the fully colored device would spontaneously return toits clear condition even at open circuit.

The relative and total concentrations of these anodic materials whichhave similar redox potentials and the thickness of tungsten trioxidelayer can be chosen to give a gray appearing electrochromic device as isillustrated by the spectrum in Curve D. For this composite spectrumscaled to an L* value of 53.72, a moderate amount of coloration, thefollowing color coordinates are obtained: a*=2.18 and the b*=-3.24 (forD₆₅ /2 degree). This is a remarkable achievement for tungsten trioxidebased devices which usually suffer from being pure blue in appearance atmoderate coloration when the electrochromic medium includes tungstentrioxide as an electrochromic material.

Likewise, the anodic material can be in the form of a surface-confinedlayer, such as a metal oxide (including M_(x) V₂ O₅, NiO_(x) H_(y),M_(x) CeO_(z), M_(x) Nb₂ O₅, IrO_(x), along with Ce/Ti, Zr/Ce, and W/Cemixed oxides). An electrochromic device containing this electrochromicmedium has the surface-confined layer on the second or third surface anda solution of the two or more cathodic materials, e.g., viologens, in asuitable solvent. The solution also contains a soluble ionic material(typically a lithium salt) in order to support ionic conductivity and toprovide an ion source for intercalation of the surface-confined layer.The relative and total concentrations of the cathodic materials and thethickness of the surface-confined anodic layer can be chosen to give apre-selected perceived color, including gray.

For an electrochromic medium containing an electrodeposition typeelectrochromic material which is cathodic, two or more solution-phaseanodic materials of similar redox potential can be combined in themedium in relative concentrations to produce a pre-selected perceivedcolor appearance, including gray. The pre-selected relativeconcentrations of the anodic materials can be chosen based on theabsorption spectra of the electrodeposited film, those of the anodicmaterials and the rate of the self-erasing reaction. For an anodicelectrodeposition type electrochromic material, two or more cathodicmaterials with similar redox potentials can be combined in theelectrochromic medium as described above to produce a pre-selectedperceived color appearance, including gray.

In general, the absorption spectra of the electrochemically activatedstates of electrochromic materials can be scaled and summed in thefashion discussed above to choose materials and relative concentrationsthat will give an electrochromic medium with a particular (andpre-selected) perceived color throughout their normal operating voltageranges. While the invention has been illustrated using several types ofelectroactive and electrochromic materials, being able to pre-select theperceived color is broad and applicable to electrochromic mediacomprised of organic, inorganic, organometallic, and polymericmaterials, which may be solution-phase, electrodeposition and surfaceconfined electroactive and electrochromic materials, as well ascombinations thereof.

In certain applications, such as architectural windows and motor vehiclemirrors, the pre-selected color of the electrochromic medium may be onethat is perceived as gray. In the broadest terms, a color that isperceived as gray is an achromatic color of lightness between black andwhite and, although achromatic is defined as a color perceived to havezero saturation and therefore no hue, it should be construed broader inthe context of the present invention to mean a color perceived to have alittle or moderate amount of chroma. Although the meaning of chroma willbe understood to those skilled in the art, it may be helpful to refer tothe L*a*b* chart. As stated above, on the L*a*b* chart, L* defineslightness, a* denotes the red/green value and b* denotes the yellow/bluevalue. According to the present invention and further described in thefollowing paragraphs, a little or moderate amount of saturation isdefined as a color around (and including) a*=0 and b*=0 that isperceived as gray when viewed by human eyesight under particularconditions. In the narrowest sense, the gray color can be defined by acircle around a*=0 and b*=0 having a radius C* where C*=(a^(*2)+b^(*2))^(1/2).

FIG. 4 shows excursions in a*b* color coordinate space (A/2 degree) fora number of electrochromic mirrors suitable for use as rearview mirrorsin motor vehicles. The excursions in color coordinate space for windowsare generally very helpful for choosing electrochromic media for use inmirrors and visa versa, however, in contrast to the curves in FIG. 5(discussed below) which are nearly linear, the curves in FIG. 4 have adefinite semi-elliptical shape. The reason for this is believed to be asfollows: the starting color coordinates for a mirror in its highreflectance state are determined largely by the color imparted to thelight by two passes through the glass substrate(s), transparentelectrode(s) and the non-activated electrochromic medium (each of whichmay have some slight absorption of light at some visible wavelengths),and the slight non-uniform reflectance (with respect to light of visiblewavelengths), due to the transparent electrode(s) and the mirrorreflector layer(s). Thus electrochromic mirrors often appear slightlyyellow or yellowish-green in their high reflectance state and the colorcoordinates for all of the mirrors shown in FIG. 4 are in thegreen-yellow (-a*, +b*) quadrant in the high reflectance, zero-appliedvoltage state.

As the mirrors begin to dim by applying a voltage to, and therebydecreasing the transmission level of, the electrochromic medium, thecolor coordinates of the reflected light become largely determined bythe color or visible light absorption spectra of the electrochromicmedium. This is shown in FIG. 4 by the excursion of the colorcoordinates into the green-blue (-a*, -b*) quadrant as the appliedvoltage is increased. As the mirror continues to dim, the amount oflight not absorbed by two passes through the electrochromic device,(including the electrochromic medium), starts to become comparable tothe residual and secondary reflections due to the first surface of thefront glass substrate, the interface between the front glass substrateand the transparent electrode layer and the interface between thetransparent electrode layer and the electrochromic medium.

In general, these residual and secondary reflections are relativelycolorless if the transparent electrode layer(s) provide for colorsuppression of the transparent electrode structure, (as is the case forTEC 15 glass available from LOF of Toledo, Ohio, or the color neutralcoatings disclosed in commonly assigned co-filed U.S. Patent Applicationentitled "AN ELECTROCHROMIC MIRROR WITH TWO THIN GLASS ELEMENTS AND AGELLED ELECTROCHROMIC MEDIUM, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference). Therefore in this reflectance regionthe color coordinates of the reflected light start to become lessdominated by the color or visible light absorption spectra of theelectrochromic medium and start to become dominated by the relativelycolorless residual and secondary reflections and the curves in FIG. 4start to "turn around". As the reflectance continues to decrease, thecolor coordinates of the reflected light become largely dominated by thecolor of the residual and secondary reflections and often head towardrelatively small absolute values of a* and b*. Thus, at the highestapplied voltage or lowest reflectance levels, the color coordinates forthe mirrors in FIG. 4 (with the exception of Curve E) are still in thegreen-blue quadrant but are closer to the a*, b* equal 0, 0 than atintermediate reflectance levels.

The desirability of an electrochromic mirror for use as a motor vehiclerearview mirror, with regard to color, depends on the perceived color ofthe clear, high reflectance state; the perceived color of lowestreflectance state (often determined mostly by residual and secondaryreflections); and the perceived color of the intermediate reflectancestates.

As stated earlier, commercial electrochromic rearview mirrors typicallyhave a slightly yellowish or yellowish-green tint in their highreflectance state with L* typically 90±5, a* typically of -4±3 and b*typically 5±3. Most desirable for many people would be an L* as high aspossible and a* and b* each as close to zero as possible.

The actual electrochromic mirrors which were used to obtain the colorcoordinate curves in FIG. 4 as a function of applied voltage aredescribed below. The mirrors with color coordinate Curves A, B and Dwere constructed of two flat sheets of TEC 15 glass each 2.3 mm thickbonded together with an epoxy seal which provided a 137 micron spacingwith the TEC 15 tin oxide coatings provided on surfaces 2 and 3. Themirrors had a fourth surface reflector made up of a conventional silverreflector over-coated with copper and paint layers applied to the backsurface of the sheet of TEC 15 glass that was the rear glass element.The mirror with color coordinate Curve F was a large outside rearviewmirror (about 12 centimeters high and 20 centimeters wide) which hadfront and rear glass elements that were 1.1 mm thick sheets of glassbonded together with an epoxy seal which provided a 180 micron spacingbetween surfaces 2 and 3. On surface 2 was a color suppressedtransparent electrode structure made up of about 300 Å of ITO, about 300Å of silicon dioxide, followed by about 1500 Å of ITO and the coatedglass element was essentially colorless when viewed both in transmissionand reflection. On Surface 3 was a reflector electrode structure made upof a first layer of chromium metal, an intermediate layer of rhodiummetal and a top layer of silver-gold alloy which contained 85% silverand 15% gold by weight. This reflector was essentially achromatic inappearance. In addition to the electrochromic materials described below,the electrochromic medium of the mirror of Curve F also contained apolymer matrix, which with the electrochromic solution, formed afree-standing gel. The free-standing gel electrochromic medium wasprepared according to the teachings of commonly assigned co-pending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/616,967 entitled, "IMPROVEDELECTROCHROMIC LAYER AND DEVICES COMPRISING SAME" to W. L. Tonar, etal., the entire disclosure of this patent application, including thereferences contained therein, is hereby incorporated by reference. Thismirror had a high end reflectance for CIE curve white light of 85%, alow end reflectance of 7% and an achromatic, "silver", or grayappearance at high, low and all intermediate reflectance levels.

Curve A shows the color coordinates (A/2 degree) for variousreflectances states of an electrochromic mirror having an electrochromicmedium comprising: 30 mM 1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate); 20 mM 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine; and 4mM 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine. Curve A has amaximum C* of 21.56 and a maximum a* of -17.24. Curve B shows the colorcoordinates (A/2 degree) for various reflectances states of anelectrochromic mirror having an electrochromic medium comprising: 30 mM1.1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-bipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate);18 mM 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine; and 7.2 mM2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine. Curve B has a maximumC* of 20.24 and a maximum a* of -13.15.

Curves C, E and D show color coordinates (A/2 degree) for the variousreflectance states of electrochromic mirrors commercially available inEurope, the United States, and throughout the world, respectively. CurveC has a maximum C* of 28.63 and a maximum a* of -15.77, Curve D has amaximum C* of 23.53 and a maximum a* of -20.48, and Curve E has amaximum C* of 31.13 and a maximum a* of -16.84. The mirrors representedby Curves A and B (4 mM and 7.2 mM2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, respectively), whenviewed at night in a motor vehicle have a neutral gray appearance, whilethe devices shown in Curves C and E have blue appearances, and thedevice shown in Curve D has a green or green-blue appearance. Thisseemingly small change in C* (the difference between 21.56 and 23.53 or28.44) represents a significant change in the perceived color of thedevice. Curve F shows the color coordinates (A/2 degree) for the variousreflectances states of an electrochromic mirror having an electrochromicmedium comprising: 12 mM1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate); 12 mM 1,1'-dimethyl4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium diperchlorate; 16 mM5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine (DMP); and 4 mM2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine. Curve F has a maximumC* of 13.51 and a maximum a* of -7.48, and when viewed at night in amotor vehicle gives a neutral gray appearance. Thus, the difference inthe perceived color of mirrors having a C* value of 21.56 and 23.53 (a8% change) is significant, whereas the difference in the perceived colorof mirrors having a C* value of 13.51 and 21.56 (a 37% change) are bothperceived as gray. It seems clear that, in the narrowest sense, a coloris perceived as gray for reflected headlamps when viewed during nightdriving in a motor vehicle when its color coordinates (A/2-degree) havea maximum C* value below about 22, especially if the a* value is between-18 and zero.

Although it is not certain, it is generally believed, that forelectrochromic rearview mirrors for motor vehicles which are dimmed atnight, when the driver's eyes are at least partially dark adapted, andwhich mirrors generally have their perceived color in the dimmed statedetermined by the color of reflected headlamp light, that if there issome perceived color, the most preferred or acceptable colors, whetherfor physiological or psychological reasons or not, are in the green-bluequadrant of the a*, b* color coordinate space. In fact, for mirroracceptance as relatively gray, there tends to be slightly more tolerancefor excursions in the -b* or the blue direction than in the -a* or thegreen direction as long as the C* value stays below a maximum value ofabout 22. This is borne out in FIG. 3 in that a mirror like that ofCurve D is perceived as being somewhat green in the intermediatereflectance states, (near maximum C* values) during moderate glare nightdriving conditions. Mirrors which have color coordinate excursionsduring reflectance changes like Curves A and B are perceived as beingmuch closer to gray, even at intermediate reflectance levels, whilemirrors with Curves C and E are definitely perceived as blue in theirintermediate reflectance states.

It has been determined that, for motor vehicle drivers at night, theperception will be that the mirror is essentially gray throughout itsreflectance range if it has a maximum C* value of less than about 22,especially if the a* value between -18 and zero. It has also beendetermined that Curve A is considered the limit of acceptability for amirror perceived as gray in its intermediate reflectance states andmirrors of Curves B and F are considered to be essentially neutral orgray throughout their entire reflectance range.

Almost all commercial electrochromic rearview mirrors have most of theircolor coordinate excursion in the green-blue quadrant. This may not be atotal coincidence since mirrors that have color coordinate excursionsinto the +a* (red) and -b* (blue) quadrant during their reflectancechanges can appear purple which gives an eerie feeling to drivers usingthese mirrors during glare conditions at night. Mirrors that have colorcoordinate excursions into the -a* (green) and +b* (yellow) quadrant areconsidered undesirable by drivers and have difficulty being low enoughin reflectance to relieve strong glare. This is for the same reason thata dark yellow window still has significant light transmission. There issome thought that mirrors with a color coordinate excursion into the +a*(red) and +b* (yellow) quadrant (especially with +a* values larger thanthe +b* values), would be desirable for some drivers who like red ororange display lighting in a motor vehicle but in general mirrors withthis type of color coordinate excursion are controversial. Therefore the-a* (green) and -b* (blue) quadrant is preferred for the colorcoordinates of rearview mirrors in their intermediate reflectancestates, especially if C* and a* are limited as described above.

FIG. 5 shows color coordinate excursions (D₆₅ /2 degree) for fourelectrochromic windows in Curves A through D (each made with TEC-15glass with a cell spacing of 137 microns), and Curve E shows the colorcoordinate excursions (D₆₅ /2 degree) for the composite spectrum of FIG.2 multiplied by various factors to simulate various values of L* orlevels of transmission. For each of the experimental electrochromicwindows, the spectrum of the window at 0.0 volts is subtracted from thespectrum at each applied voltage so that the color coordinates arecalculated essentially for the electrochromic medium alone.

Curve A is for an electrochromic window containing a propylene carbonatesolution of 28 mM 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine and 34 mM1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate). As thevoltage applied to the window is increased from 0.0 volts to 1.0 voltsthe color coordinates for light transmitted by the medium change from aL*, a*, b* of 100, 0, 0 to a fairly green slight blue appearance at aL*, a*, b* of 40.14, -36.47, -5.87. Simply using straight lines toconnect the data points at various voltages results in a relativelystraight line overall, and for this electrochromic medium containingonly two materials the color or hue remains consistent throughout thenormal voltage and transmission range of the device.

Curve B shows color coordinate data for an electrochromic medium forwhich it was desired to make a window with a bright green appearance.The window was filled with a propylene carbonate solution of 25 mM5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, 10 mM1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate) and 20 mM1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).As can be seen from Curve B this electrochromic medium changes from aL*, a*, b* equal 100, 0, 0 or colorless at 0.0 volts to a L*, a*, b*equal 64.12, -40.58, 35.17 at 1.0 volts. Because the two cathodicmaterials have similar redox potential, even though they havesignificantly different absorption spectra, the medium has the sameapparent bright green color or consistent hue throughout its normalvoltage and transmission range.

Curve C is for an electrochromic window filled with a propylenecarbonate solution of 20 mM 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, 4 mM2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine and 30 mM1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate). This electrochromic medium had a consistent huewith a perceived red/brown color throughout its normal voltage andtransmission range which took the color coordinates for the medium fromL*, a*, b* equal 100, 0, 0 at 0.0 volts to L*, a*, b* equal 53.70, 9.44,9.70 at 1.0 volts.

Curve D shows what happens if the relative concentration of the anodicmaterials in Curve C are reversed. The window for Curve D was filledwith a propylene carbonate solution of 4 mM5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, 20 mM2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine and 30 mM1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate). This medium, with its reversed relativeconcentrations as compared to the window of Curve C; had a consistenthue with a perceived red/magenta color throughout its normal voltage andtransmission ranges which took the color coordinates from L*, a*, b*equal 100, 0, 0 at 0.0 volts to L*, a*, b* equal 43.70, 45.23, -27.19 at1.0 volts.

Curve E shows color coordinates for the composite spectra of FIG. 2multiplied by various factors that made the L* value calculated for thevarious scaled spectra change through a range of L* values similar tothe experimental devices of Curves A through D. At the highestabsorbance, the color coordinates L*, a*, b* were equal to 26.91, -3.62,-16.2. This medium has relatively small absolute values of a* and b*even though the value of L* is quite low. This small excursion in a*, b*for a large change in L* is indicative of a relatively gray medium. Anexperimental window with an electrochromic medium containing theelectrochromic materials in the same relative concentrations shows acolor coordinate excursion that is in excellent agreement with theexcursion of the theoretical or calculated medium of FIG. 2 and theexperimental device, as expected from the teachings of this invention,had a gray with slight blue-gray appearance.

For color coordinate curves like those in FIG. 5, it is interesting tonote that a window containing the same electrochromic medium as a mirrorwill typically have a larger color coordinate excursion since theresidual reflections that come into play in mirrors are not asignificant factor in the apparent color of transmitted light forwindows in their activated states. However, the color coordinateexcursion for windows are certainly valuable in designing electrochromicmedia for mirrors and vice versa. A general observation is that thegrayer a window appears when colored the smaller its color coordinateexcursion from a*, b* equal 0,0 for coloration to a given L* value. Thecurves in FIG. 5 are nearly straight lines but do show some curvature.This is not unexpected as the Munsell loci of constant hue as a functionof increasing chroma do show some curvature, see for example the figureof Page 63 and the associated discussion in Billmeyer and Saltzman ibid.

While some combinations of electrochromic materials maintain fairlyconsistent perceived color or hue even when the redox potentials are notsimilar, many do not. FIG. 6 shows the color coordinate curves (D₆₅/2-degree) for three windows that show various amounts of staging. CurveA of FIG. 6 is for an electrochromic medium in an electrochromic windowfilled with a propylene carbonate solution of 30 mM5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, 15 mM1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate) and 15mM 1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate). This latercompound has a redox potential of -0.252 on the redox potential scale ofthe compounds of Table 1 through 9. Curve A starts at a*, b* equal 0, 0at 0.0 volts and at higher voltages shows more curvature as compared tothe curves in FIG. 5. For the window of Curve A, there is very littleperceived change in hue or color appearance as a function of voltage.This is because the difference in redox potential between the twocathodic materials is 44 millivolts so they are still similar within thedefinition of this invention.

The electrochromic medium for which the data of Curve B was measured wascontained in an electrochromic window filled with a propylene carbonatesolution of 8 mM 5-ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, 20 mM5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrodibenzo(A,C)phenazine and 34 mM1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).This color coordinate curve shows significant curvature and the deviceshows readily distinguishable perceived colors, going fromgreenish/yellow at low voltage to reddish/brown at high voltages. Thedifference in redox potential between the two anodic materials is 80millivolts and staging is readily apparent.

Curve C shows data for an electrochromic medium in an electrochromicwindow filled with 8 mM N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, 20 mM5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine and 34 mM1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate). Theredox potentials of the anodic materials differ by 88 millivolts and thecolor coordinate curve shows significant curvature. The perceived colorof the device changes only slightly from blue to blue-purple through theapplied voltage range. The slight variation in perceived color or huevariation may be due to the fact that, at the voltages where theabsorption spectra changes shape, the magnitude of the chroma is alreadyquite high and L* is quite small, thus obscuring the change in hue.

The electrochromic medium comprises the electrochromic materials, andother materials like solvents, light absorbers, light stabilizers,thermal stabilizers, antioxidants, and a free standing gel (whichincludes a polymer matrix). The polymer matrix that may optionally beused in the present invention is a part of a free-standing gel that isdisclosed in commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 08/616,967, entitled "IMPROVED ELECTROCHROMIC LAYER AND DEVICESCOMPRISING SAME" to W. L. Tonar et al. For electrochromic mirrors, thefree-standing gel cooperatively interacts with glass elements 112 and114 to produce a mirror that acts as one thick unitary member ratherthan two glass elements held together only by a seal member. This allowsone to construct a rearview mirror with thinner glass in order todecrease the overall weight of the mirror while maintaining sufficientstructural integrity so that the mirror will survive the extremeenvironments common to the automobile environment. For electrochromicwindows (especially larger windows), the polymer matrix cooperativelyinteracts with glass elements 112 and 114 such that the hydrostaticpressure that typically occurs from gravity acting on the electrochromicmedium (when the electrochromic medium includes a solution) is reducedor eliminated.

During operation of an electrochromic mirror in the clear state andhaving a third surface reflector, light rays enter through the frontglass 112 and pass through the transparent conductive layer 116, theelectrochromic medium in chamber 122, before being reflected by thereflector/electrode disposed on the third surface 114a (unless themirror has a fourth surface reflector) of the mirror 110. Light in thereflected rays exit by the same general path traversed in the reversedirection. When a sufficiently high voltage (in come cases of the properpolarity) is applied to an electrochromic device, electrochemicalreduction takes place by electron transfer to the electrochromic mediumfrom one of the electrodes (designated as the cathode) andelectrochemical oxidation takes place by electron transfer from theelectrochromic medium to the other electrode (designated as the anode).The electrochemical reduction and/or the electrochemical oxidation giverise to a change in the light absorption properties of the material ormaterials reduced and/or oxidized. Operation, or activation, of thedevice generally results in an increase in light absorption at thewavelengths of interest (although it is possible for operation of analready colored device to result in a decrease in light absorption atthe wavelengths of interest). When the device is in its dark state orsome state between its dark and clear state, both the entering rays andthe reflected rays are attenuated in proportion to the degree to whichthe electrochromic medium 124 is light absorbing.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the main differencebetween an electrochromic motor vehicle mirror and an electrochromicwindow or some other electrochromic device is the inclusion of areflector for mirrors. By following the teachings outlined within thespecification an electrochromic device may be produced having variouspre-selected perceived colors, including gray, whether that device is amirror, window, display, etc.

With respect to motor vehicle mirrors, FIG. 7 shows a front elevationalview schematically illustrating an inside mirror assembly 110 and twooutside rearview mirror assemblies 111a and 111b for the driver-side andpassenger-side, respectively, all of which are adapted to be installedon a motor vehicle in a conventional manner and where the mirrors facethe rear of the vehicle and can be viewed by the driver of the vehicleto provide a rearward view. Inside mirror assembly 110, and outsiderearview mirror assemblies 111a and 111b may incorporate light-sensingelectronic circuitry of the type illustrated and described in theabove-referenced Canadian Patent No. 1,300,945; U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,778;or U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,822, and other circuits capable of sensing glareand ambient light and supplying a drive voltage to the electrochromicelement. Mirror assemblies 110, 111a and 111b are essentially identicalin that like numbers identify components of the inside and outsidemirrors. These components may be slightly different in configuration butfunction in substantially the same manner and obtain substantially thesame results as similarly numbered components. For example, the shape ofthe front glass element of inside mirror 110 is generally longer andnarrower than outside mirrors 111aand 111b. There are also somedifferent performance standards placed on inside mirror 110 comparedwith outside mirrors 111a and 111b. For example, inside mirror 110generally, when fully cleared, should have a reflectance value of about70 percent to about 80 percent or higher whereas the outside mirrorsoften have a reflectance of about 50 percent to about 65 percent. Also,in the United States (as supplied by the automobile manufacturers), thepassenger-side mirror 111b typically has a spherically bent, or convexshape, whereas the driver-side mirror 111a, and inside mirror 110presently must be flat. In Europe the driver-side mirror 111a iscommonly flat or aspheric, whereas the passenger-side mirror 111b has aconvex shape. In Japan both mirrors have a convex shape. The followingdescription is generally applicable to all mirror assemblies of thepresent invention.

The electrical circuit preferably incorporates an ambient light sensor(not shown) and a glare light sensor 160, the glare light sensor beingpositioned either behind the mirror glass and looking through a sectionof the mirror with the reflective material completely or partiallyremoved, or the glare light sensor can be positioned outside thereflective surfaces, e.g., in the bezel 144. Additionally, an area orareas of the electrode and reflector, such as 146 or the area alignedwith sensor 160, may be completely removed, or partially removed in, forexample, a dot or line pattern, to permit a vacuum fluorescent display,such as a compass, clock, or other indicia, to show through to thedriver of the vehicle. Above-referenced co-pending U.S. PatentApplication entitled "AN INFORMATION DISPLAY AREA ON ELECTROCHROMICMIRRORS HAVING A THIRD SURFACE REFLECTOR" shows a presently preferredline pattern. The present invention is also applicable to a mirror whichuses only one video chip light sensor to measure both glare and ambientlight and which is further capable of determining the direction ofglare. An automatic mirror on the inside of a vehicle, constructedaccording to this invention, can also control one or both outsidemirrors as slaves in an automatic mirror system.

Rearview mirrors embodying the present invention preferably include abezel 144, which extends around the entire periphery of each individualassembly 110, 111a and/or 111b. The bezel 144 conceals and protects thespring clips (not shown) and the peripheral edge portions of sealingmember and both the front and rear glass elements (described below). Awide variety of bezel designs are well known in the art, such as, forexample the bezel taught and claimed in above-referenced U.S. Pat. No.5,448,397. There are also a wide variety of housings well known in theart for attaching the mirror assembly 110 to the inside front windshieldof an automobile, or for attaching the mirror assemblies 111a and 111bto the outside of an automobile. A preferred housing for attaching aninside assembly is disclosed in above-referenced U.S. Pat. No.5,337,948.

The materials that are described in Examples 1-29 are believed to benovel chemical substances except for the chemical substance of Examples10 and 25. Certain properties of some of these materials are shown inTables 1-9. These materials can be used as redox materials in suchapplications as redox batteries, redox indicators and mediated electrontransfer in electro-organic synthesis. Because they significantly changetheir absorption spectra for visible light upon electrochemicalreduction or electrochemical oxidation, they are also useful inelectrochromic media for use in electrochromic windows, displays,mirrors, etc. In particular, these materials have colored stateabsorption spectra and redox potentials such that they can be placed ingroups of materials with similar redox potentials. By selecting two ormore materials with different colored state absorption spectra from agroup with similar redox potentials, and by choosing relativeconcentrations of the two or more materials, one can design anelectrochromic medium that has a pre-selected perceived color whenincorporated in an electrochromic device and operated throughout thenormal voltage range or transmission range of the device. Thesematerials are also particularly useful in designing electrochromic mediathat result in electrochromic devices that have a perceived color ofgray throughout their normal ranges of operation.

A number of the phenazine compounds listed in Tables 7 through 9 withthe following general structure: ##STR1## have advantageouscharacteristics as compared to phenazines previously studied forinclusion in electrochromic media. Most phenazines previously studiedhave their main visible light absorption peak with its wavelength formaximum absorbance around 460 nanometers for the electrochemicallyactivated state. Combination of a phenazine compound as the anodicmaterial with a typical 1,1'-substituted-4,4'-dipyridinium salt as thecathodic material (with a wavelength for maximum absorbance of visiblelight around 600 nanometers for the electrochemically activated state),gives rise to electrochromic media which are poorly absorbing in thewavelength range from about 470 and to about 540 nanometers. These mediaand devices containing them typically have green-blue-green appearancein daylight and somewhat greenish-blue appearance when used in arearview mirror to relieve glare during night driving.

Phenazine compounds have been discovered that have substantial visiblelight absorbance in the 470 to 540 nanometer range and, in fact, havetheir maximum visible absorbance peak in this range. Of particular noteare the phenazine compounds with phenyl, phenoxy, vinyl, or substitutedphenyl, e.g., tolyl, in one or more of the 2, 3, 7 and 8 positions.Remarkably, the normally electron withdrawing aryl groups listed above,have little if any effect on the redox potential for the first oneelectron oxidation of these compounds when substituted in thesepositions, and yet these groups red shift the absorption spectra of theoxidized or electrochemically activated state. Combining these novelphenazines in various relative concentrations with phenazines thatabsorb around 470 nanometers or less results in electrochromic mediathat have a desirable color appearance, including gray, when activated.In addition, phenazine compounds with aryl group substitution, e.g.,phenyl, vinyl, tolyl, etc., in one or more of the 2, 3, 7 and 8positions can be combined in electrochromic media without impacting thephotochemical or thermal stability of the media. The only potentialdrawback is that the non-activated, neutral state of these compounds canbe slightly yellow due to tailing of the UV absorbance of thenon-activated state.

This concern is largely overcome by placing methyl or alkyl group(s)adjacent to or on the aryl substituent or on the aryl group in aposition adjacent to the attachment between the phenazine and the arylgroup. For example, 2,5,10-trimethyl-3-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-di(o-tolyl)-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine and even2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl5,10-dihydrophenazine, (two adjacent arylgroups), are either colorless or less yellow than2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine and2-vinyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine. Other phenazines withwavelengths of maximum absorption in the range of 470 to 540 nanometersfor their electrochemically activated state, without being substantiallyyellow in their non-activated state are very useful as well forcombinations that achieve a pre-selected color, especially gray, (e.g.2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine; and5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine).

In example 17, 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was made fromphenazine in a novel one-pot synthesis. This same strategy can beapplied to alkylation of phenazines, triphenodithiazines,triphenodioxazines, quinoxalinophenazines, phenazine-based dyes,phenoxazine-based dyes, phenothiazine-based dyes and similar phenazinecompounds. In the general procedure, the azine starting material is bothreduced and alkylated in the same reaction mixture. This procedure isnovel because it teaches how to do both reduction and alkylation of theazine compound in a safe, rapid, cost-effective one-pot reaction.

In prior literature there are references to reducing and alkylatingphenazines in separate steps and usually one of the steps is hazardousand expensive. In the reference, "The Direct Preparation of Some Dihydroand Other Phenazine Derivatives," JACS (1957) pp. 6178-6179, phenazinewas reduced with sodium or potassium metal and was then alkylated withmethyliodide. This method is hazardous, tedious and expensive. Inanother reference, "Preparation and Properties of Electron DonorAcceptor Complexes of the Compounds Having Capto-dative Substituents,"J. Heterocyclic Chemistry (1989), Vol. 26, pp. 435-438, phenazine wasreduced with sodium dithionite. The resulting dihydrophenazine was thenalkylated by using butyl lithium for a lithium-proton exchange, and thedilithio adduct was alkylated with addition of methyl iodide. Thisprocess is a two-pot synthesis that involves a hazardous alkylationstep.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the azinecompound, reducing reagent, base, alkylating reagent and phase transfercatalyst are added together in a polar aprotic solvent with a smallamount of water present. Upon heating the azine is both reduced andalkylated. We have applied our process to make many alkylated:phenazines, e.g. 2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;nitrogen heterocycles, e.g. N,N',N",N"'-tetrabutylquinoxalinophenazine;azine-based dyes, e.g. 3,7-dibutoxy-10-butylphenoxazine from7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one.

We have typically used sodium dithionite as the reducing reagent,however other reducing reagents may work as well e.g. hypophosphorousacid. Our base is usually potassium carbonate or sodium carbonatepowder. Alkylating reagents can be alkyl iodides, bromides, chlorides,triflates, mesylates, or tosylates. The phase transfer catalyst isessential and we have had good success with quaternary ammonium halidesor hydrogen sulfates. Crown ethers and quaternary phosphonium catalystsmay work as well. The best catalysts have proven to be "accessible"quaternary ammonium salts, which is a term familiar to those skilled inthe art of phase-transfer reactions. The best solvent is acetonitrilebut other polar aprotic solvents may work. Also helpful to decreasereactions time is the addition of a small amount of water.

The procedure is as follows: For one mole of azine compound having twoazine nitrogens, the amounts of other reagents used are: 1.15 moles ofsodium dithionite (85%), 2.0 moles of sodium carbonate, 4.0 moles ofalkyl halide, 0.115 moles of phase-transfer catalyst, 10 liters ofacetonitrile, and 200 milliliters of water. Combine all reagents in onepot and heat to reflux under an inert atmosphere for a minimum of 5hours. Add 10 liters of water and filter off alkylated product. Theseare the presently preferred amounts of these reagents, however, it isour intention to teach that because the reaction is robust, thesereagents will work to produce alkylated product, even when the amountsof reagents are not present in the preferred amounts.

An alteration to these conditions is necessary when dialkylaminosubstituents are present. In this case a 2-phase reaction consisting ofa non-polar organic solvent and an aqueous hydroxide layer aresubstituted for the acetonitrile/water/carbonate combination in theabove-mentioned process. This avoids quaternization of the dialkylaminogroups.

Also it is important to note that alkyl iodides are more reactive thanalkyl bromides and alkyl bromides are more reactive than alkylchlorides. Sodium iodide can be added as a co-catalyst when using alkylbromides or alkyl chlorides.

In conclusion, this one-pot reduction/alkylation process is widelyapplicable in alkylating phenazines and related azine compounds, as isshown in Examples 1, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14 and 16.

The dipyridinium compounds listed in Tables 1 through 6 are commonlyreferred to as viologens. In order to make viologens that are moredifficult to electrochemically reduce, it is known to substitute thedipyridinium salts with alkyl groups at one or more of the 2, 2', 6 and6' positions shown in the following general structure. ##STR2##

However, substitution with methyl groups in one or more of the 2, 2', 6and 6' position leads to compounds with relatively acidic protons due tothe strong electron withdrawing power of the quaternarized nitrogen nearthe methyl group. In addition,1,1',2,2',6,6'-hexamethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium salts are only slightlysoluble in polar organic solvents like cyclic esters and nitrites whenthe salt contains anions like tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate,perchlorate or halides. Example 29 describes the synthesis of viologensthat overcome these difficulties and provide compounds that havediffusion characteristics that are desirable. Compounds of structure XXXwith one or more of the 2,2',6 and 6' positions substituted with aralkylgroup(s), e.g., 2-phenylethyl and 3-phenyl(n-propyl), or long chainalkyl group(s), e.g., hexyl, which have the other 2,2',6 and 6'positions substituted with methyl group(s) have increased solubility inpolar organic solvents as compared to compounds of structure XXX whichhave methyl groups in each of the 2,2',6 and 6' positions.

In general, substitution of one or more of the 2, 2', 6 and 6' positionswith 2-phenylethyl or 3-phenylpropyl results in a viologen which is moredifficult to electrochemically reduce, does not have proton(s) as acidicas if the substitution were a methyl group and because it is believedthat the phenyl groups are well solvated by solvents like propylenecarbonate these compounds are believed to have smaller diffusioncoefficients than similar viologens without these substitutions.

Certain aspects of the present invention are illustrated in more detailin the following examples. Unless specified otherwise, allconcentrations cited in the examples are at room temperature (20-27degrees Celsius) and all temperatures are in degrees Celsius.

EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of 5-ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

5-ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was made as follows:5-methylphenazinium methosulfate salt was reduced and alkylated to5-ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine in a one-pot phase transferreaction.

1.0 grams of the 5-methylphenazinium methosulfate salt was refluxed in a2-phase slurry containing 50 milliliters of toluene, 10 milliliters of4M aqueous NaOH, 10 grams of sodium dithionite, 10 milliliters ofiodethane, 0.1 grams of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate and 50milliliters of water.

This mixture was refluxed for 4 days after which the reaction was cooledand the lower aqueous layer separated and discarded. After two morewater washes, the toluene was removed and the crude product redissolvedin 50 milliliters of hot ethanol. The cooled solution produced 0.35grams of 5-methyl-10-ethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine for a 48% yield.

EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis of 2-vinyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

A sample of 2-formyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was preparedaccording to the procedure of Pokhodenko et.al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem.Commun, 1985, 72. The formyl group was converted to the vinyl group bythe procedure of Ghosh and Spiro, J. Electrochem. Soc., 128, 1281 (1981)for making 4-vinyl-1,10-phenanthroline. Recrystallization fromacetone/water gave a yellow solid with mass 236 and electrochemistryconsistent with an N,N'-dialkylated phenazine.

EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis of2,7-bis(o-tolyl)-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

2,7-bis(o-tolyl)-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was prepared from2,7-dichlorophenazine. The 2,7-dichlorophenazine was prepared from2-iodo-5-chloronitrobenzene and 2-nitro-5-chloroaniline using an Ullmanntype aryl amination, followed by reduction of the nitro groups andferric chloride oxidation.

The o-tolyl groups were substituted for the chloro group at the2,7-dichlorophenazine with a "Suzuki coupling" using o-tolyboronic acid."Palladium Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organoboron Compounds",N. Miyawra and A. Suzuki, Chem Rev. 95, pp. 2457-2483 (1995). Thiscross-coupling reaction took about 3 weeks to go to completion.

The 2,7-bis(o-tolyl)phenazine (2.2 grams) was refluxed in acetonitrilecontaining 2% by volume water, 0.6 grams of methyltributyl ammoniumchloride, 8.7 grams of sodium dithionite, 1.6 grams of sodium carbonate,and 3.1 milliliters of iodomethane. After 40 hours, water was drippedinto the refluxing reaction solution and product precipitated out. Aftercooling, the product was filtered off and recrystallized fromacetonitrile. 2.07 grams of product was isolated for an 87% yield forthe alkylation.

EXAMPLE 4 Synthesis of2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-diethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

2,3 dimethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-diethylphenazine was prepared fromthe 2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethylphenazine.

The 2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethylphenazine was prepared in a 3-stepprocess, starting with 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine and3-nitro-4-bromobenzotrifluoride. The nucleophilic substitution productbeing the biarylamine was then reduced with stannous chloride in conc.HCl to the diamino diphenylamine.

This compound was oxidized to the phenazine with ferric chloride, in adilute HCl aqueous solution. Tomlinson: "The Preparation of2:2'-diaminodiphenyl Amines", J. Chem. Soc., pp. 158-163 (1939).

24.0 grams of this phenazine was added to 500 milliliters ofacetonitrile, 21.2 grams of sodium carbonate, 69.6 grams of sodiumdithionite, 3.4 grams of tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate and 78.0grams of iodoethane. This mixture was refluxed for 4 days before it wentto completion. 400 milliliters of water was slowly added to therefluxing reaction slurry. The desired product precipitated out andafter cooling was filtered off. Product was recrystallized from hotethanol yielding 17.7 grams of2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-diethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine. Thisis an overall yield of 30.1% starting from the4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine.

EXAMPLE 5 Synthesis of2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

This material was prepared by the procedure of Synthesis Example 4 withthe exception that iodomethane was substituted for iodoethane in thealkylation step.

EXAMPLE 6 Synthesis of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

2,3-diphenylphenazine was prepared according to the method of C. H.Issidorides, et.al., Tetrahedron 34, 217 (1978). The phenazine nitrogenswere then methylated by the procedure of Synthesis Example 3.

EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis of 2,5,10-trimethyl-3-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

2-methyl-3-phenylphenazine was prepared by the method of C. H.Issidorides, et.al., Tetrahedron 34, 217 (1978), except for that1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione was substituted for benzil. The phenazinenitrogens were then methylated by the procedure of Synthesis Example 3.

EXAMPLE 8 Synthesis of 5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

Phenazine, 9.0 grams, was stirred with 6.5 grams a finely divided metalalloy of 10:1 potassium to sodium, in 150 milliliters of1,2-dimethoxyethane, at 40° C., until a brick red slurry was formed:approximately 24 hours. 2-bromopropane, 14.1 milliliters, was added andthe reaction was allowed to stir for 2 hours at which time the reactionmixture was filtered, the filtrate was rotovaped to dryness and theproduct loaded as a solid onto a silica gel column. The column wasprepared with and eluted with 8:2 hexane/ethylacetate. Removal ofsolvent from the target compound fractions gave a white solid which wasrecrystallized from methanol to give 2.1 grams of white needles, m.p.80-81° C. A mass of 306 was confirmed by mass spectrometry.

EXAMPLE 9 Synthesis of2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(B)phenazine

The 2,3-dimethylbenzo(B)phenazine was prepared by the condensation of2,3-diaminonapthalene with 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-benzoquinone in 4:1 ethanolto acetic acid at reflux for 2 hours. The phenazine was alkylated by theprocedure of Synthesis Example 8, using iodomethane. Electrochemicalanalysis was consistent with an N,N'-dialkylated phenazine.

EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis of 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrodibenzo(A,C)phenazine

Dibenzo (A,C) phenazine was prepared with 1,2-phenylenediamine andphenanthrenequinone, using standard condensation conditions.Dibenzo(A,C)phenazine, 4.2 grams, was alkylated by the procedure ofSynthesis Example 8, using methyl iodide to give 2.1 grams of yellowcrystals.

Electrochemical analysis was consistent with an N,N'-dialkylatedphenazine.

EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis of 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(A)phenazine

Benzo(A)phenazine was prepared with 1,2-phenylenediamine and1,2-naphthoquinone, using standard condensation conditions.

This phenazine was reduced with a 3:1 potassium/sodium metal alloy indimethoxyethane, to the brick red alkali metal adduct. Alkylationoccurred over 1 hour with addition of iodomethane. Residual K/Na alloywas quenched with addition of ethanol. The product was isolated withcolumn chromatography and was recrystallized from ethylacetate/hexane.2.0 grams of product was isolated for a 38% overall yield.

EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis of 2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was prepared from the2-chlorophenazine. 2-chlorophenazine was prepared using 4-chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine and 1-iodo-2-nitrobenzene. This diphenylamine wasreduced with stannous chloride to chloro-2,2'-diaminodiphenylamine andoxidized to the 2-chlorophenazine with ferric chloride in dilute aqueousHCl. "Tomlinson: The Preparation of 2:2'-Diaminodiphenylamines," J.Chem. Soc., pp. 158-163 (1939).

2-chlorophenazine was reacted with potassium phenolate in tetraglyme toarrive at the 2-phenoxyphenazine.

150 milligrams of 2-phenoxyphenazine was refluxed in 50 milliliters ofacetonitrile, 3 milliliters of iodomethane, 1.7 grams of sodiumdithionite, 0.21 grams of sodium carbonate and 0.1 gram of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. After 24 hours, reaction was complete. 50milliliters of water was added to the refluxing reaction mixture. An oilseparated out which was isolated and dissolved in 20 milliliters of hotethanol. Upon cooling, 47 milligrams of crystalline2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was isolated for a 31%yield.

EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis of2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was prepared from2,7-dichlorophenazine. 2,7-dichlorophenazine was made from the proceduredescribed in Synthesis Example 3 for 2,7-bis(o-tolyl)phenazine.

The diphenoxyphenazine was produced by reaction of the dichlorophenazinewith potassium phenolate in tetraglyme. The resulting2,7-diphenoxyphenazine 0.35 grams was refluxed in 100 milliliters ofacetonitrile, 1.7 grams of sodium dithionite, 0.53 grams of sodiumcarbonate, 3 milliliters of iodomethane and 0.1 grams of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. After refluxing for 3 days, 100 millilitersof water was added to the refluxing reaction slurry. The precipitatedproduct was filtered off and recrystallized from ethanol. 210 milligramsof 2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was isolated for a55% yield.

EXAMPLE 14 Synthesis of 1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was made with a 5-stepprocess.

The first step involved a "Suzuki coupling" reaction with2-nitro-6-bromo toluene and phenylboronic acid. The procedure used wasfrom "Palladium Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Arylboronic Acidswith II-Deficient Heteroaryl Chlorides," Tetrahedron, 48, pp. 8117-8126(1992). This reaction was quantitative after 40 hours.

The 2-nitro-6-phenyltoluene was isolated as an oil from the "Suzukicoupling." It was then reduced to the 2-amino-6-phenyltoluene withstannous chloride in concentrated HCl and methanol.

The next step is an Ullmann type aryl amination of the amine with2-iodonitrobenzene. This reaction was carried out in nitrobenzene withcopper as a catalyst. Product was isolated by distillation of thesolvent followed by column chromatography.

The resulting 2-nitrodiphenylamine was isolated as an impure oil and wascyclized to the 1-methyl-2-phenylphenazine with iron powder. "DirectRing Closure Through a Nitro Group I. Certain Aromatic Compounds withthe Formation of Nitrogen Heterocycles: A New Reaction," by H. C.Waterman and D. L. Vivian, J. Org. Chem., 14, 289-297 (1949).

The 1-methyl-2-phenylphenazine was carried on to the finalreduction/alkylation step as an oil. The oil was refluxed in 50milliliters of acetonitrile, 1 milliliter of water, 0.9 grams ofmethyltributyl ammonium chloride, 2.1 grams of sodium carbonate, 8.7grams of sodium dithionite and 2 milliliters of iodomethane. After 16hours, the reaction was quenched by adding 50 milliliters of water tothe refluxing reaction mixture. An oil separated which was isolated,then dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The ethyl acetatewas removed and the oil cleaned up with column chromatography.Recrystallization from ethanol yielded 88 milligrams of1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine as a nearly white solid.

EXAMPLE 15 Synthesis of 2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was prepared in a 4-stepprocess.

The first step involves aryl amination of 4-bromo-3-nitrobiphenyl withaniline, in dimethylformamide. The resulting2-nitro-4-phenyldiphenylamine was ring closed to the 2-phenylphenazineusing sodium ethoxide and sodium borohydride by the procedure describedin "A New Phenazine Synthesis, The Synthesis of Griseolutein Acid,Griseolutein A, and Methyl Diacetyl Griseolutein B", J. Chem. Soc. Chem.Commun., 1423-1425 (1970).

The 2-phenylphenazine was reduced to the 2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazineby adding aqueous dithionite solution to a refluxing ethanol solution ofthe phenazine. This dihydro product was isolated and then alkylated in arefluxing solution of acetonitrile containing iodomethane and sodiumcarbonate. Product was precipitated out by addition of water and wasisolated. It was carbon treated and recrystallized from a mixture ofacetone and ethanol to yield a bright yellow crystalline solid.

EXAMPLE 16 Synthesis of 2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was prepared from2,7-dichlorophenazine. 2,7-dichlorophenazine was made from the proceduredescribed in Synthesis Example 3 for 2,7-bis(o-tolyl)phenazine.

The 2,7-diphenylphenazine was made from a "Suzuki" cross-couplingreaction with 2,7-dichlorophenazine and phenylboronic acid. Refer to theprocedure described in "Palladium Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions ofArylboronic Acids With Deficient Heteroarylchlorides," Tetrahedron, 48,pp. 8117-8126.

660 milligrams of 2,7-diphenylphenazine was reduced and alkylated byrefluxing in 10 milliliters of acetonitrile, 0.2 milliliters of water, 1milliliter iodomethane, 3.5 grams of sodium dithionite, 0.21 grams ofsodium carbonate and 60 milligrams of methyl-tributyl ammonium chloride.After 40 hours the reaction was quenched by dripping in 20 millilitersof water to the refluxing reaction slurry. 450 milligrams of2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was isolated for a62.0% yield.

EXAMPLE 17 Novel Method of Making 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine

5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine can be easily made in a novelone-pot synthesis beginning with phenazine. In this synthesis, bothreduction and alkylation proceed rapidly under mild reaction conditions.

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 650 grams of phenazine was refluxed in 3.5liters of acetonitrile with 100 milliliters of water, 899 milliliters ofiodomethane (alkylating reagent), 765 grams of sodium carbonate powder(base), 723 grams of sodium dithionite (reducing reagent) and 130 gramsof methyltributyl ammonium chloride (phase-transfer catalyst) present.Phenazine was completely reduced and methylated after 5 hours. At thistime 4.5 liters of water was added to the refluxing reaction slurry over25 minutes. Upon cooling to room temperature, nearly all of the5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine had precipitated. This was filteredoff and redissolved in 1.95 liters of hot toluene. This toluene solutionwas filtered to remove inorganic salts. After filtration, 0.95 liters oftoluene was removed via atmospheric distillation under nitrogen. Thereaction was cooled to 85° C. and 1 liter of ethanol was added over 20minutes.

The solution was cooled gradually to room temperature and kept at roomtemperature for 4 hours before filtering. The resulting5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine was washed with 1 liter of waterfollowed by 1 liter of cold ethanol. This product was then dried to650.2 grams of a white crystal for an 85.3% yield.

EXAMPLE 18 Synthesis of 1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate)

1-phenyl-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate) was madeby first attaching the phenyl group and then the methyl group to4,4'-dipyridyl. The phenyl group was attached using a procedure from theCanadian Patent #1031346 entitled, "Preparation of BipyridiniumCompounds" by John G. Allen. The 4,4'-dipyridyl is quaternized with2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene at 35° C.; and using only 1 equivalent at thistemperature limits the quaternization to just one side of the4,4'-dipyridyl.

The monoquaternarized intermediate is refluxed with 10 equivalents ofiodomethane, in acetonitrile, to quaternize the remaining nitrogen. Thisreaction is complete after 1 hour with a 97.6% yield. The mixed salt isdissolved in hot water, filtered and product precipated out withaddition of a 1 molar ammonium hexafluorophosphate solution.

EXAMPLE 19 Synthesis of 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-bipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate)

1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-bipyridinium-bis(hexafluorophosphate)was made similarly to1-phenyl-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium-bis(hexafluorophosphate) insynthesis Example 18. The only difference is that 4-cyanoaniline wasused to displace the 2,4-dinitrophenyl group instead of aniline. SeeCanadian Pat. No. 1031346.

EXAMPLE 20 Synthesis of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate)

1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate)was made similarly to 1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate) in Synthesis Example 18. The only difference isthat para-anisidine was used to displace the 2,4-dinitrophenyl groupinstead of aniline. See Canadian Patent #1031346.

EXAMPLE 21 Synthesis of 1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridimiumbis(hexafluorophosphate)

This viologen was made with reference to Canadian Patent #1031346. Firstthe 4,4'-dipyridyl was quaternarized on one side at 35° C. with 1equivalent of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. After displacement withdodecylaniline, the second nitrogen was quaternized withdinitrochlorobenzene. This quaternization was done with an excess ofdinitrochlorobenzene at reflux temperature. This dinitrophenyl group wasthen displaced with aniline to give the dichloride salt of the desiredproduct. Metathesis to the hexafluorophosphate was done in hot MeOH withan acetonitrile solution of ammonium hexafluorophosphate.

EXAMPLE 22 Synthesis of 1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate)

2,6-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridyl was quaternized with a 5-fold excess ofdinitrochlorobenzene at 50° C. The quaternization takes place at theunhindered nitrogen to yield2,6-dimethyl-1'-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium chloride. This isreacted with aniline (see Canadian Patent #1031346) to give2,6-dimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium chloride.

Finally the hindered nitrogen is quaternized with a 20-fold excess ofiodomethane in refluxing acetonitrile. This quaternization is done after1 hour and the resultant di-substituted dipyridinium salt is filteredoff. This salt is dissolved in hot water and precipitated as thetetrafluoroborate salt with a 1 molar aqueous solution of sodiumtetrafluoroborate.

EXAMPLE 23 Synthesis of 1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate)

7.0 ml of 2,6-dimethylaniline was added to 40 ml of a 3:2dimethylformamide/H₂ O solution and the mixture was heated to refluxunder a nitrogen atmosphere. 5.0 g of1,1'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium (Cl⁻ salt) in 50 ml waterwas slowly added (over 20 min) via a pressure-equalizing additionfunnel. The black solution was refluxed for an additional 2.5 h, thencooled to produce a yellow-brown oily precipitate. The solid materialwas removed by filtration and discarded. The volume of the filtratereduced to ca. 10 ml by rotary evaporation. Addition of copious amountsof acetone produced a light brown solid which was redissolved in 10:1methanol/water. This solution was treated with decolorizing charcoal andfiltered. Aqueous sodium tetrafluoroborate was added and the solutionwas allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The product wasisolated as light brown needles by vacuum filtration.

EXAMPLE 24 Synthesis of 1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate)

6.7 ml of 3,5-dimethylaniline was added to 30 ml of a 3:2dimethylformamide/H₂ O solution and the mixture was heated to refluxunder a nitrogen atmosphere. 5.0 g of1,1'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium (Cl⁻ salt) in 50 ml waterwas slowly added (over 20 min) via a pressure-equalizing additionfunnel. The black solution was refluxed for an additional 5 h, thencooled to produce a yellow-brown precipitate. The solid material wasremoved by filtration and discarded. The volume of the filtrate reducedto ca. 10 ml by rotary evaporation. Addition of copious amounts ofacetone produced an orange-brown solid which was redissolved in water.Aqueous sodium tetrafluoroborate was added, resulting in precipitationof the crude product as an orange solid. The product was purified firstby digestion in ethanol, then by decolorizing charcoal treatment inmethanol/acetonitrile. Following addition of water and removal ofmethanol and acetonitrile by rotary evaporation, the pure product wasisolated as a chalky off-white solid by vacuum filtration.

EXAMPLE 25 Synthesis of1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)

7.5 ml of 2,4,6-trimethylaniline was added to 40 ml of a 3:2dimethylformamide/H₂ O solution and the mixture was heated to refluxunder a nitrogen atmosphere. 5.0 g of1,1'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium (Cl⁻ salt) in 50 ml waterwas slowly added (over 20 min) via a pressure-equalizing additionfunnel. The black solution was refluxed for an additional 6 hours, thencooled to produce a yellow-brown precipitate. The solid material wasremoved by filtration and discarded. The volume of the filtrate reducedto ca. 10 ml by rotary evaporation. Addition of copious amounts ofacetone produced a yellow-brown solid which was redissolved in 10:1methanol/water. Aqueous sodium tetrafluoroborate was added, causingformation of a bright yellow precipitate. The crude solid was isolatedby vacuum filtration and washed with small portions of cold methanol andwater. Purification was achieved by decolorizing charcoal treatment inmethanol/acetonitrile. Following addition of water and removal ofmethanol and acetonitrile by rotary evaporation, the pure product wasisolated as a bright yellow solid by vacuum filtration.

EXAMPLE 26 Synthesis of1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate)

3.0 ml of 3,5-dimethoxyaniline was added to 25 ml of a 3:2dimethylformamide/H₂ O solution and the mixture was heated to refluxunder a nitrogen atmosphere. 3.0 g of1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium (Cl⁻ salt) in 50 ml water wasslowly added (over 20 min) via a pressure-equalizing addition funnel.The orange-brown solution was refluxed for an additional 3 h, thencooled to produce a yellow precipitate. The solid material was removedby filtration and discarded. The volume of the filtrate reduced to ca.10 ml by rotary evaporation. Addition of copious amounts of acetoneproduced a light yellow solid.

0.30 g of this solid was dissolved in 80 ml of acetonitrile, along withan excess of methyl iodide. The solution was refluxed under a nitrogenatmosphere for 4 h and then allowed to cool to room temperature. Theresulting precipitate was isolated as a bright orange solid by vacuumfiltration. This crude product (as a mixed Cl⁻, I⁻ salt) was redissolvedin water. Aqueous sodium tetrafluoroborate was added and the solutionwas refrigerated overnight. The product was isolated as a yellow-orangesolid by vacuum filtration. Purification was achieved by firstredissolving in acetonitrile, then precipitating as the chloride salt byaddition of a solution of tetraethylammonium chloride in acetone. Thechloride salt was isolated by filtration and briefly air-dried. Theproduct was then converted to the PF₆ ⁻ salt by dissolving in water,filtering, and adding aqueous ammonium hexafluorophosphate to thefiltrate. The resulting precipitate was isolated as a chalky, off-whitesolid by vacuum filtration. The color of this compound was less yellowthan 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate). This has advantages in electrochromic deviceswhen residual yellow color is undesirable.

EXAMPLE 27 Synthesis of 1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate)

3.0 ml of o-toluidine was added to 25 ml of a 3:2 dimethylformamide/H₂ Osolution and the mixture was heated to reflux under a nitrogenatmosphere. 3.0 g of 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium (Cl⁻ salt)in 50 ml water was slowly added (over 20 min) via a pressure-equalizingaddition funnel. The orange-brown solution was refluxed for anadditional 3.5 h, then cooled to produce a yellow precipitate. The solidmaterial was removed by filtration and discarded. The volume of thefiltrate reduced to ca. 10 ml by rotary evaporation. Addition of copiousamounts of acetone produced a light yellow solid which was redissolvedin water. Aqueous ammonium hexafluorophosphate was added and theresulting white precipitate was isolated by vacuum filtration, washedwith water, and dried in a vacuum oven.

0.70 g of this solid was dissolved in 50 ml of acetonitrile, along withca. 1.0 g of methyl iodide. The solution was refluxed under a nitrogenatmosphere for 6 h. Addition of dilute aqueous ammoniumhexafluorophosphate, followed by removal of acetonitrile by rotaryevaporation, produced a light tan solid.

EXAMPLE 28 Synthesis of1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate)

This compound was prepared from 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-dipyridiniumchloride (see Synthesis Example 18) by reaction with excess methyliodide in refluxing acetonitrile. The 2,4-dinitrophenyl group was thendisplaced by reaction with 2,4,6-trimethylaniline in 1:1dimethylformamide/water (see Canadian Patent #1031346). The crudeproduct was isolated as a mixed halide salt by reducing the volume ofthe reaction mixture to only a few ml, adding 200 ml of acetone, andrefrigerating overnight. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration,redissolved in water, and precipitated as the hexafluorophosphate saltby addition of aqueous ammonium hexafluorophosphate.

EXAMPLE 29 Preparation Of Novel 2,2',6,6'-substituted-4,4'-dipyridiniumsalts

The procedure described here for preparing Compounds I-IV and VIII-XIare based on those outlined in:

1. (a) Minisci, Top, Curr. Chem., Vol. 62, (1976), pp. 1-48

(b) Synthesis, (1973) pp. 1-24

2. Minisci, Mondelli, Gardini and Porta, Tetrahedron, Vol. 28, (1972),2403

3. Citterio, Minisci and Franchi, J. Org. Chem., Vol. 45, (1980), 4752

4. Anderson and Kochi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 92, (1970), 1651

5. Baltrop and Jackson, J. Chem. Soc.. Perkin II, (1984), pp 367-371

Preparation of 2-(2-phenylethyl)-4,4'-dipyridyl (I) and2,2'-bis(2-phenylethyl)-4,4'-dipyridyl (II)

Procedure: To a stirring solution of 4,4'-dipyridyl (15.62 g; 0.1 mole)in a mixture of water (100 mL) and concentrated sulfuric acid (5.3 mL)were added hydrocinnamic acid (32.0 g; 0.213 mole) and silver nitrate(1.7 g; 0.01 mole) and the mixture was heated to about 80° C. and whilemaintaining this temperature for 30 minutes ammonium peroxy disulfate(22.82 g; 0.1 mole) was added in small portions. After the addition, themixture was maintained at the same temperature for an additional 2hours. Then the reaction mixture was cooled to the room temperature andwas neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide (10%). The resulting darkbrown-colored mixture was filtered and the filtrate was extractedseveral times with 25 mL portions of ethyl acetate. The organic layerswere combined, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and thefiltrate was evaporated to remove the solvent completely so that adark-colored viscous oil was left behind. From this oily mixture, thedesired compounds I and II were isolated as solids by silica gel columnchromatography. The respective amounts of I and II so obtained were 4.7g and 1.76 g.

Preparation of 2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridyl (III) and2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl)4,4'-dipyridyl (IV)

Procedure: Compounds III and IV were prepared by the same procedure asdescribed for the preparation of Compounds I and II except for using4-phenyl butyric acid in place of hydrocinnamic acid. The respectiveamounts of III and IV so obtained were 3.3 g and 2.15 g.

Preparation of: 2,2',6-trimethyl-6'-(2-phenylethyl)-4,4'-dipyridyl (V);2,2'-dimethyl-6,6'-bis(2-phenylethyl)-4,4'-dipyridyl (VI) and2-methyl-2',6,6'-tris(2-phenylethyl)-4,4'-dipyridyl (VII)

Procedure: To a stirred suspension of sodium amide (29.2 g; 0.75 mole)in m-xylene (80 mL) was added 2,2',6,6'-tetramethyldipyridyl (5.3 g;0.025 mole) under an argon atmosphere. After brief stirring, benzylchloride (50 g; 0.39 mole) was added slowly over a period of 15-30minutes and the mixture was refluxed for 15-20 hours. After this timethe heating was stopped, the reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and cold water (5-10 mL) was added cautiously to destroy theunreacted sodium amide. The mixture was acidified with concentratedhydrochloric acid and was extracted with methylene chloride a few timeswith 25 mL portions. This operation helped to remove the unreactedbenzyl chloride and m-xylene solvent. The organic layer was separatedand discarded. Now the aqueous solution was basified with sodiumhydroxide (20% aqueous solution) and the mixture was extracted 2-3 timeswith 25 mL portions of methylene chloride. The organic layers werecombined, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. Thefiltrate on complete evaporation of the solvent gave rise to a brownviscous oil (9.2 g). The desired Compounds V, VI and VII were isolatedfrom the mixture by silica gel column chromatography.

Preparation of 2,2',6-trimethyl-6'-n-hexyl-4,4'-dipyridyl (VIII) and2,2'-dimethyl-6,6'-bis(n-hexyl)-4,4'-dipyridyl (IX):

Procedure: To a magnetically stirred solution of2,2'6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridyl (5.3 g; 0.025 mole) in puretetrahydrofuran (80 mL) cooled to -78° C. (dry ice and 2-propanol) wasadded under an argon atmosphere a cyclohexane solution (2.0 M) ofn-butyl lithium (1.76 g; 0.0275 mole) from a dropping funnel over aperiod of 20 minutes. The solution turned deep blue immediately. Themixture was allowed to warm up to -30° C. for 5 minutes and was cooledback to -78° C. A solution of 1-chloropentane (2.93 g; 0.0275 mole) inpure tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) was now added from a dropping funnel over aperiod of 10 minutes. After the addition, the color of the mixturebecame dark purple. After stirring at -78° C. for a short period, themixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature. Pure water (2-3 mL)was added cautiously to destroy any unreacted butyl lithium stillpresent and the mixture was diluted with more pure water (100 mL) andwas extracted 2-3 times with 25 mL portions of ethyl acetate. Theorganic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate,filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to remove the solventcompletely. This gave 7.2 g of a yellow-brown oil. Compounds VIII and IXwere isolated from the oil by silica gel column chromatography as solidproducts.

Preparation of 2,2',6-trimethyl-6'-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridyl(IX) and 2,2'-dimethyl-6,6'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridyl (X)

Procedure: The Compounds X and XI were prepared in the same way asdescribed for the preparation of Compounds VIII and IX except for using1-bromo-2-phenylethane in place of 1-chloropentane as the alkylatingagent.

Conversion of Compounds I through XI to Their Respective1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium diiodide salts:

The diiodide salts of Compounds I through X were prepared by refluxingeach of these with an excess mole equivalent of iodomethane in pureacetonitrile for 24 to 48 hours, and the resulting diquaternary saltswere filtered, washed thoroughly with fresh acetonitrile, followed byrinsing with dry acetone.

Conversion of Compounds I-IV, VIII and IX to Their Respective1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate) salts:

Typical Procedure: The diiodide salt (5 mole) prepared as describedabove was dissolved in pure water (100-150 mL) and the solution wasstirred with decolorizing carbon (1.0 g) for 2-3 hours at roomtemperature. The suspension was filtered and the colorless filtrate wastreated with an aqueous solution of one molar ammoniumhexafluorophosphate until the precipitation was complete. After standingfor 1 hour, the precipitate was filtered with suction, washed with purewater (20 mL) 2-3 times and was recrystallized from water to obtain puresalt. The yields varied with the individual compounds anywhere from20-80%.

Conversion of Compound VI to the 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumdiperchlorate salt:

The diiodide salt of Compound VI as prepared above was first dissolvedin hot pure water (100 mL) and to the solution an aqueous solution (5%)of sodium perchlorate was added until the precipitation is complete. Theprecipitate was filtered, washed 4-5 times with pure water (25 mL) andthe wet precipitate was recrystallized and purified by treatment withdecolorizing carbon in a mixture (8:2 v/v) of acetonitrile and water.The yield of yellow-colored solid was 32%.

Conversion of Compound VII and VIII to the1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate) salt:

The diiodide salt (2.0 g; 3.5 m mole) was dissolved in pure water (25mL) at room temperature. The solution was treated with decolorizingcarbon, filtered and to the colorless filtrate was added an aqueoussolution of sodium tetrafluoroborate (2 molar) until the precipitationwas complete. The resulting light yellow-colored precipitate wasfiltered, washed 4-5 times with 25 mL portions of pure water. The solidprecipitate was then recrystallized from hot water to obtain a colorlesssolid.

EXAMPLE 30 Green/Blue Electrochromic Device

Symmetrically substituted aryl viologens were prepared from reaction ofthe appropriate aniline derivative with1,1'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium as has been previouslydescribed in Examples 23 and 24. Ferrocene was obtained commercially(Aldrich) and purified by sublimation prior to use.

Two stock solutions, one containing 60 mM ferrocene in propylenecarbonate and the second containing 30 mM each1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)and 1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate) in propylenecarbonate were prepared in separate small vials. Both stock solutionswere deoxygenated with dry nitrogen. Equal volumes of each stocksolution were introduced into a clean vial to produce a mixture whichwas approximately 30 mM in ferrocene and 15 mM in each of the twoviologen derivatives. This multi-component mixture was then used to fillelectrochromic devices.

Electrochromic window devices were fabricated as is known in the artwith TEC-20 glass from Libbey-Owens-Ford with a 137 micrometer cellspacing. The devices were about 1'×2" in area and were filled byintroducing the solution described above into the device through one oftwo holes drilled in the top plate. Both holes were then plugged using ahot glue gun.

Application of 1.2 V across this electrochromic device resulted inuniform coloration to a green/blue state; however some staging (througha green intermediate) was observed on both coloring and clearing.

EXAMPLE 31 Gray Electrochromic Device

Two stock solutions, one containing 60 mM ferrocene in propylenecarbonate and the second containing 30 mM each1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(hexafluorophosphate) and1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate) inpropylene carbonate were prepared in separate small vials. Both stocksolutions were deoxygenated with dry nitrogen. Equal volumes of eachstock solution were introduced into a clean vial to produce a mixturewhich was approximately 30 mM in ferrocene and 15 mM in each of the twoviologen derivatives. This multi-component mixture was then used to fillelectrochromic devices.

Electrochromic window devices were fabricated as is known in the artwith TEC-20 glass from Libbey-Owens-Ford with a 137 micrometer cellspacing. The devices were about 1'×2" in area and were filled byintroducing the solution described above into the device through one oftwo holes drilled in the top plate. Both holes were then plugged using ahot glue gun.

Application of 1.2 V across this electrochromic device resulted inuniform coloration to a dark blue/green (moderately gray) state. Nostaging was observed during either coloring or clearing.

EXAMPLE 32 Electrochromic devices having colors ranging from green/grayand blue-green gray

Three stock solutions, one containing 60 mM ferrocene in propylenecarbonate, one containing 60 mM1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate)(V1) in propylene carbonate and one containing 60mM 1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate)(V2) in propylene carbonate were prepared in separate small vials. Allthree stock solutions were deoxygenated with dry nitrogen. Aliquots fromeach of the stock solutions were introduced into five clean vials insuch a manner to produce the following solutions:

A) 30 mM ferrocene/15 mM V1 w/15 mM V2

B) 30 mM ferrocene/18 mM V1 w/12 mM V2

C) 30 mM ferrocene/20 mM V1 w/10 mM V2

D) 30 mM ferrocene/21 mM V1 w/9 mM V2

E) 30 mM ferrocene/24 mM V1 w/6 mM V2

These multi-component mixtures were then used to fill electrochromicdevices.

Electrochromic window devices were fabricated as is known in the artwith TEC-20 glass from Libbey-Owens-Ford with a 137 micrometer cellspacing. The devices were about 1'×2" in area and were filled byintroducing the solutions described above into the device through one oftwo holes drilled in the top plate. Both holes were then plugged using ahot glue gun.

Application of 1.2 V across each of these electrochromic devicesresulted in uniform coloration, with the exact color when fill darkvarying smoothly from green-gray for device A to blue-green gray fordevice E. Slight staging was observed during coloring of A, B, and C,while D and E exhibited no appreciable staging during coloring orclearing.

EXAMPLE 33 Gray Electrochromic Devices

A solution consisting of 25 mM 1,1'-dimethylferrocene, 100 mM2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (as a UV stabilizer), 18 mM1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate),12 mM 1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and 3% (wt/wt) of polymethylmethacrylate inpropylene carbonate was deoxygenated with dry nitrogen.

Electrochromic window devices were fabricated as is known in the artwith TEC-20 glass from Libbey-Owens-Ford with a 137 micrometer cellspacing. Similarly, electrochromic mirrors were fabricated using atransparent TEC-20 front plate with either a TEC-20 back plate which hadbeen previously silvered on the side opposite the conductive coating(fourth surface reflector) or coated with another reflective metal(third surface reflector). These devices measured about 2"×5" and werefilled with the electrochromic solution described above via the vacuumbackfilling technique. The vacuum fill ports of the devices were pluggedwith a UV cure material.

After four months, representative L*a*b* (A/2-degree) values were asfollows:

    ______________________________________                                                    initial     darkened                                                          L*   a*     b*      L*   a*   b*                                  ______________________________________                                        fourth surface reflector                                                                    87.51  -1.42  +12.60                                                                              32.96                                                                              -0.37                                                                              -6.27                             third surface reflector                                                                     78.17  +0.07  +10.21                                                                              30.44                                                                              -5.12                                                                              -3.68                             ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 34 Gray Electrochromic Device

An electrochromic device was prepared from two pieces of TEC 15 glassspaced apart by 137 microns by a perimeter epoxy seal. The device wasfilled with a nitrogen purged propylene carbonate solution of 14 mM5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, 14 mM5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(A,C)phenazine and 34 mMbis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate). In theclear state the device was slightly yellow and with 0.8 volts applied,the device was very dark gray. From the spectrum of the clear state, thecolor coordinates (A/2-degree) L*, a*, b* were found to be equal to89.19, -0.27, 10.7 and at 0.8 volts L*, a*, b* were equal to 17.72,9.03, 7.37. The CIE curve white light transmittances were 75% clear and2.5% darkened at 0.8 volts. Not only was the device gray when activated,it was remarkably low in transmission when fully darkened.

While the invention has been described in detail herein in accordancewith certain preferred embodiments thereof, many modifications andchanges therein may be effected by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, it is ourintent to be limited only by the scope of the appending claims and notby way of the details and instrumentalities describing the embodimentsshown herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrochromic device, comprising:front andrear spaced elements each having front and rear surfaces; a layer oftransparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of saidfront element and said front surface of said rear element, and aperimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spacedelements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chambertherebetweenwhere said chamber contains an electrochromic medium, saidelectrochromic medium comprising at least three electroactive materials,at least two of which are electrochromic, where said medium generallymaintains a pre-selected perceived color throughout the normal voltagerange of said electrochromic device.
 2. The electrochromic device ofclaim 1, wherein the concentrations of said at least three electroactivematerials are chosen to produce a pre-selected perceived color.
 3. Theelectrochromic device of claim 1, wherein said electrochromic devicedoes not exhibit staging.
 4. The electrochromic device of claim 1,wherein said at least two electrochromic materials include at least oneelectrochemically reducible material and at least one electrochemicallyoxidizable material.
 5. The electrochromic device of claim 1, whereinsaid at least two electrochromic materials are both electrochemicallyreducible materials or both electrochemically oxidizable materials. 6.The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein one of said electrochromicmaterials is selected from the group consisting of: surface confined andelectrodeposition.
 7. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein allof said electroactive materials are solution-phase.
 8. Theelectrochromic device of claim 7, wherein the redox potentials of all ofsaid electroactive materials that are anodic are within about 200 mV ofone another, and wherein the redox potentials of all of saidelectroactive materials that are cathodic are within about 200 mV of oneanother.
 9. The electrochromic device of claim 8, wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electroactive materials that are anodic arewithin 60 mV of one another, and wherein the redox potentials of all ofsaid electro active materials that are cathodic are within 60 mV of oneanother.
 10. The electrochromic device of claim 9, wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electroactive materials that are anodic arewithin 40 mV of one another, and wherein the redox potentials of all ofsaid electroactive materials that are cathodic are within 40 mV of oneanother.
 11. The electrochromic device of claim 10, wherein saidelectrochromic device does not exhibit staging.
 12. The electrochromicdevice of claim 1, wherein the redox potentials of all of saidelectroactive materials that are anodic are within about 200 mV of oneanother, and wherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactivematerials that are cathodic are within about 200 mV of one another. 13.The electrochromic device of claim 12, wherein the redox potentials ofall of said electroactive materials that are anodic are within 60 mV ofone another, and wherein the redox potentials of all of saidelectroactive materials that are cathodic are within 60 mV of oneanother.
 14. The electrochromic device of claim 13, wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electroactive materials that are anodic arewithin 40 mV of one another, and wherein the redox potentials of all ofsaid electroactive materials that are cathodic are within 40 mV of oneanother.
 15. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein said at leastthree electroactive species include at least one cathodic materialselected from the group consisting of salts of:1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium;1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-ethylene4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium; and1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium, andwherein said at least three electroactive species include at least oneanodic material selected from the group consisting of:N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine;2,5,10-trimethyl-3-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5-ethyl-10-methyl5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(A)phenazine;2,7-diphenoxy5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-bis(o-tolyl)-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-diethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-vinyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrodibenzo(A,C)phenazine1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine; and2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(B)phenazine.
 16. Theelectrochromic device of claim 1, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include approximately 17 millimolar of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 8.5 millimolar of2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 4.3millimolar of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,approximately 17 millimolar of1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2,6,6'-tetramethyl4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and approximately 17 millimolar of1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).17. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include approximately 17 millimolar of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 8.5 millimolar of2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 4.3millimolar of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,approximately 19 millimolar of1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and approximately 15 millimolar of1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).18. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein said pre-selectedperceived color is a member of the group consisting of red, yellow,green, blue, purple, and gray.
 19. The electrochromic device of claim18, wherein said pre-selected color is gray.
 20. The electrochromicdevice of claim 19, wherein at least one of said electroactive materialsincludes a 5,10-dialkyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine where at least one of said2, 3, 7 and 8 positions contain a member of the group consisting of:phenyl; substituted phenyl; vinyl; and phenoxy.
 21. The electrochromicdevice of claim 19, wherein at least one of said electroactive materialsincludes a cathodic electrochromic material selected from the groupconsisting of salts of: 1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium;1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium; and1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium.
 22. Theelectrochromic device of claim 19, wherein said device maintains atransmittance spectrum resulting in color coordinates (A/2 degree) suchthat C* is between zero and about
 22. 23. The electrochromic device ofclaim 22, wherein said device maintains transmittance spectrum resultingin color coordinates (A/2 degree) such that a* is between zero and about-18.
 24. The electrochromic device of any of claims 1-23, wherein saidelectrochromic device is a member of the group consisting of: anelectrochromic window, a display device, and a motor vehicle sunroof.25. An electrochromic device, comprising:front and rear spaced elementseach having front and rear surfaces; a layer of transparent conductivematerial disposed on said rear surface of said front element and saidfront surface of said rear element, and a perimeter sealing memberbonding together said front and rear spaced elements in a spaced-apartrelationship to define a chamber therebetween where said chambercontains an electrochromic medium, said electrochromic medium comprisingat least three electroactive materials, at least two of which areelectrochromic, where the redox potentials of all of said electroactivematerials that are anodic are within about 200 mV of one another, andwherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactive materials thatare cathodic are within about 200 mV of one another.
 26. Theelectrochromic device of claim 25, wherein the redox potentials of allof said electroactive materials that are anodic are within 60 mV of oneanother, and wherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactivematerials that are cathodic are within 60 mV of one another.
 27. Theelectrochromic device of claim 26, wherein the redox potentials of allof said electroactive materials that are anodic are within 40 mV of oneanother, and wherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactivematerials that are cathodic are within 40 mV of one another.
 28. Theelectrochromic device of claim 25, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include at least one cathodic material selectedfrom the group consisting of salts of: 1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium;1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium; and1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium, andwherein said at least three electroactive species include at least oneanodic material selected from the group consisting of:N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine;2,5,10-trimethyl-3-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5-ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(A)phenazine;2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-bis(o-tolyl)-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-diethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-vinyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrodibenzo(A,C)phenazine1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine; and2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(B)phenazine.
 29. Theelectrochromic device of claim 25, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include approximately 17 millimolar of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 8.5 millimolar of2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 4.3millimolar of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,approximately 17 millimolar of1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and approximately 17 millimolar of1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridimium bis(hexafluorophosphate).30. The electrochromic device of claim 25, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include approximately 17 millimolar of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 8.5 millimolar of2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 4.3millimolar of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,approximately 19 millimolar of1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and approximately 15 millimolar of1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).31. The electrochromic device of claim 25, wherein said pre-selectedcolor is a member of the group consisting of red, yellow, green, blue,purple, and gray.
 32. The electrochromic device of claim 31, whereinsaid pre-selected color is gray.
 33. The electrochromic device of claim32, wherein at least one of said electroactive materials includes a5,10-dialkyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine where at least one of said 2, 3, 7and 8 positions contain a member of the group consisting of: phenyl;substituted phenyl; vinyl; and phenoxy.
 34. The electrochromic device ofclaim 33, wherein at least one of said electroactive materials includesa cathodic electrochromic material selected from the group consisting ofsalts of: 1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1-phenyl4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium;1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium; and1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium.
 35. Theelectrochromic device of claim 32, wherein said device maintains atransmittance spectrum resulting in color coordinates (A/2 degree) suchthat C* is between zero and about
 22. 36. The electrochromic device ofclaim 35, wherein said device maintains transmittance spectrum resultingin color coordinates (A/2 degree) such that a* is between zero and about-18.
 37. The electrochromic device of claim 25, wherein saidelectrochromic device is a member of the group consisting of: anelectrochromic window, a display device, and a motor vehicle sunroof.38. An electrochromic variable reflectance mirror for automotivevehicles, comprising:front and rear spaced elements each having frontand rear surfaces; a layer of transparent conductive material disposedon said rear surface of said front element; a reflector disposed on oneside of said rear element provided that, if said reflector is on saidrear surface of said rear element, then said front surface of said rearelement contains a layer of a transparent conductive material; and aperimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spacedelements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chambertherebetween; where said chamber contains an electrochromic medium, saidelectrochromic medium comprising at least three electroactive materials,at least two of which are electrochromic, where said medium generallymaintains a pre-selected perceived color throughout the normal voltagerange of said electrochromic device.
 39. The electrochromic mirror ofclaim 38, wherein the concentrations of said at least threeelectroactive materials are chosen to produce a pre-selected perceivedcolor.
 40. The electrochromic mirror of claim 38, wherein saidelectrochromic mirror does not exhibit staging.
 41. The electrochromicmirror of claim 38, wherein said at least two electrochromic materialsinclude at least one electrochemically reducible material and at leastone electrochemically oxidizable material.
 42. The electrochromic mirrorof claim 41, wherein said electrochromic medium further comprises atleast one additional electroactive material selected from the groupconsisting of anodic electrochromic materials and cathodicelectrochromic materials.
 43. The electrochromic mirror of claim 38,wherein one of said electrochromic materials is selected from the groupconsisting of: surface confined and electrodeposition.
 44. Theelectrochromic mirror of claim 38, wherein all of said electroactivematerials are solution-phase.
 45. The electrochromic mirror of claim 44,wherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactive materials thatare anodic are within about 200 mV of one another, and wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electroactive materials that are cathodic arewithin about 200 mV of one another.
 46. The electrochromic mirror ofclaim 45, wherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactivematerials that are anodic are within 60 mV of one another, and whereinthe redox potentials of all of said electroactive materials that arecathodic are within 60 mV of one another.
 47. The electrochromic mirrorof claim 46, wherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactivematerials that are anodic are within 40 mV of one another, and whereinthe redox potentials of all of said electroactive materials that arecathodic are within 40 mV of one another.
 48. The electrochromic mirrorof claim 47, wherein said electrochromic mirror does not exhibitstaging.
 49. The electrochromic mirror of claim 38, wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electroactive materials that are anodic arewithin about 200 mV of one another, and wherein the redox potentials ofall of said electroactive materials that are cathodic are within about200 mV of one another.
 50. The electrochromic mirror of claim 49,wherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactive materials thatare anodic are within 60 mV of one another, and wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electro active materials that are cathodic arewithin 60 mV of one another.
 51. The electrochromic mirror of claim 50,wherein the redox potentials of all of said electroactive materials thatare anodic are within 40 mV of one another, and wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electroactive materials that are cathodic arewithin 40 mV of one another.
 52. The electrochromic mirror of claim 38,wherein said at least three electroactive species include at least onecathodic material selected from the group consisting of salts of:1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium; 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium;1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium; and1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium, andwherein said at least three electroactive species include at least oneanodic material selected from the group consisting of:N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine;2,5,10-trimethyl-3-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5-ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(A)phenazine;2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-bis(o-tolyl)-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-diethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-vinyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrodibenzo(A,C)phenazine1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine; and2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(B)phenazine.
 53. Theelectrochromic mirror of claim 38, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include approximately 17 millimolar of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 8.5 millimolar of2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 4.3millimolar of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,approximately 17 millimolar of1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and approximately 17 millimolar of1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).54. The electrochromic mirror of claim 38, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include approximately 17 millimolar of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 8.5 millimolar of2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 4.3millimolar of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,approximately 19 millimolar of1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and approximately 15 millimolar of1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).55. The electrochromic mirror of claim 38, wherein said pre-selectedcolor is a member of the group consisting of red, yellow, green, blue,purple, and gray.
 56. The electrochromic mirror of claim 55, whereinsaid pre-selected color is gray.
 57. The electrochromic mirror of claim56, wherein at least one of said electroactive materials includes a5,10-dialkyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine where at least one of said 2, 3, 7and 8 positions contain a member of the group consisting of: phenyl;substituted phenyl; vinyl; and phenoxy.
 58. The electrochromic mirror ofclaim 57, wherein at least one of said electroactive materials includesa cathodic electrochromic material selected from the group consisting ofsalts of: 1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium;1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium; and1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium.
 59. Theelectrochromic mirror of claim 56, wherein said mirror maintains areflectance spectrum resulting in color coordinates (A/2 degree) suchthat C* is between zero and about
 22. 60. The electrochromic mirror ofclaim 59, wherein said mirror maintains a reflectance spectrum resultingin color coordinates (A/2 degree) such that a* is between zero and about-18.
 61. An electrochromic variable reflectance mirror for automotivevehicles, comprising:front and rear spaced elements each having frontand rear surfaces; a layer of transparent conductive material disposedon said rear surface of said front element; a reflector disposed on oneside of said rear element provided that, if said reflector is on saidrear surface of said rear element, then said front surface of said rearelement contains a layer of a transparent conductive material; and aperimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spacedelements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chambertherebetween; where said chamber contains an electrochromic medium, saidelectrochromic medium comprising at least three electroactive materials,at least two of which are electrochromic, where the redox potentials ofall of said electroactive materials that are anodic are within about 200mV of one another, and wherein the redox potentials of all of saidelectroactive materials that are cathodic are within about 200 mV of oneanother.
 62. The electrochromic mirror of claim 61, wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electroactive materials that are anodic arewithin 60 mV of one another, and wherein the redox potentials of all ofsaid electroactive materials that are cathodic are within 60 mV of oneanother.
 63. The electrochromic mirror of claim 62, wherein the redoxpotentials of all of said electroactive materials that are anodic arewithin 40 mV of one another, and wherein the redox potentials of all ofsaid electroactive materials that are cathodic are within 40 mV of oneanother.
 64. The electrochromic mirror of claim 61, wherein said atleast three electroactive species include at least one cathodic materialselected from the group consisting of salts of:1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium;1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium; and1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium, andwherein said at least three electroactive species include at least oneanodic material selected from the group consisting of:N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine;2,5,10-trimethyl-3-phenyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5-ethyl-10-methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(A)phenazine;2,7-diphenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenoxy-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-bis(o-tolyl)-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3-dimethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-diethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,7-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-vinyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-diisopropyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine;5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrodibenzo(A,C)phenazine1,5,10-trimethyl-2-phenyl5,10-dihydrophenazine;2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-7-trifluoromethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine; and2,3,5,10-tetramethyl-5,10-dihydrobenzo(B)phenazine.
 65. Theelectrochromic mirror of claim 61, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include approximately 17 millimolar of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 8.5 millimolar of2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 4.3millimolar of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,approximately 17 millimolar of1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and approximately 17 millimolar of1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).66. The electrochromic mirror of claim 61, wherein said at least threeelectroactive species include approximately 17 millimolar of5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 8.5 millimolar of2-phenyl-5,10-dimethyl5,10-dihydrophenazine, approximately 4.3millimolar of 2,3-diphenyl-5,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine,approximately 19 millimolar of1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridiniumbis(tetrafluoroborate), and approximately 15 millimolar of1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate).67. The electrochromic mirror of claim 61, wherein said pre-selectedperceived color is a member of the group consisting of red, yellow,green, blue, purple, and gray.
 68. The electrochromic mirror of claim67, wherein said pre-selected color is gray.
 69. The electrochromicmirror of claim 68, wherein at least one of said electroactive materialsincludes a 5,10-dialkyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine where at least one of said2, 3, 7 and 8 positions contain a member of the group consisting of:phenyl; substituted phenyl; vinyl; and phenoxy.
 70. The electrochromicmirror of claim 68, wherein at least one of said electroactive materialsincludes a cathodic electrochromic material selected from the groupconsisting of salts of: 1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-phenyl-1'-(4-dodecylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2-methylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-methyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1-methyl-1'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,2,6-trimethyl-1'-phenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-2-(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dipyridinium;1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetramethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium;1,1'-ethylene-4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridinium; and1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bis(3-phenyl(n-propyl))-4,4'-dipyridinium.
 71. Theelectrochromic mirror of claim 68, wherein said mirror maintains areflectance spectrum resulting in color coordinates (A/2 degree) suchthat C* is between zero and about
 22. 72. The electrochromic mirror ofclaim 71, wherein said mirror maintains a reflectance spectrum resultingin color coordinates (A/2 degree) such that a* is between zero and about-18.
 73. The electrochromic device according to claims 1 and 25, whereinsaid electrochromic medium is gray and wherein said transparentconductor on said rear surface of front element is color suppressed. 74.The electrochromic mirror according to claims 38 and 61, wherein saidelectrochromic medium is gray and wherein said transparent conductor onsaid rear surface of front element is color suppressed.
 75. Theelectrochromic device according to claim 74, wherein said reflector iswhite.
 76. An electrochromic device, comprising:front and rear spacedelements each having front and rear surfaces; a layer of transparentconductive material disposed on said rear surface of said front elementand said front surface of said rear element, and a perimeter sealingmember bonding together said front and rear spaced elements in aspaced-apart relationship to define a chamber therebetween; andwheresaid chamber contains an electrochromic medium, said electrochromicmedium comprising at least three electroactive materials, at least twoof which are electrochromic, whose concentrations are chosen to producea pre-selected perceived color, where said device does not exhibitstaging.
 77. An electrochromic device, comprising:front and rear spacedelements each having front and rear surfaces; a layer of transparentconductive material disposed on said rear surface of said front elementand said front surface of said rear element, and a perimeter sealingmember bonding together said front and rear spaced elements in aspaced-apart relationship to define a chamber therebetween; andwheresaid chamber contains an electrochromic medium, said electrochromicmedium comprising at least three electroactive materials, at least twoof which are electrochromic, wherein said device maintains atransmittance spectrum resulting in color coordinates (D₆₅ /2 degrees)such that C* is between zero and about
 22. 78. The electrochromic deviceof claim 77, wherein said device maintains a transmittance spectrumresulting in color coordinates (D₆₅ /2 degree) such that a* is betweenzero and about -18.
 79. An electrochromic device, comprising:front andrear spaced elements each having front and rear surfaces; a layer oftransparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of saidfront element and said front surface of said rear element, and aperimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spacedelements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chambertherebetween; andwhere said chamber contains an electrochromic medium,said electrochromic medium comprising at least three electroactivematerials, at least two of which are anodic electrochromic compounds andat least one is a generally colorless cathodic electroactive compound intwo oxidation states.
 80. The electrochromic device of claim 79, whereinsaid anodic electrochromic compounds are surface confined.
 81. Theelectrochromic device of claim 79, wherein said chamber further includesa member of the group consisting of a light absorber, a lightstabilizer, a thermal stabilizer, an antioxidant, a thickener or a freestanding gel.
 82. An electrochromic device, comprising:front and rearspaced elements each having front and rear surfaces; a layer oftransparent conductive material disposed on said rear surface of saidfront element and said front surface of said rear element, and aperimeter sealing member bonding together said front and rear spacedelements in a spaced-apart relationship to define a chambertherebetween; andwhere said chamber contains an electrochromic medium,said electrochromic medium comprising at least three electroactivematerials, at least two of which are cathodic compounds and at least oneis a generally colorless anodic electroactive compound in two oxidationstates.
 83. The electrochromic device of claim 82, wherein said cathodicelectrochromic compounds are surface confined.
 84. The electrochromicdevice of claim 82 wherein said chamber further includes a member of thegroup consisting of a light absorber, a light stabilizer, a thermalstabilizer, an antioxidant, a thickener or a free standing gel.